^ 



%^; 









Of this edition of Neiv Amsterdam Ne-iv Orange 
Neiv York there hanje been printed on Imperial 
Japan paper thirty copies, nvith extra 
impressions of the Engra-uings on 
copper by E. Davis French j on 
American hand made paper 
one hundred and seiJenty 
copies and of the Duke^ s 
Plan in color is- 
sued separately, 
one hundred 
copies. 



NEW AiMSTERDAM 

NEW ORANGE 

NEW YORK 



NEW AMSTERDAM 




W 1 D vtioga 



NEW ORANGE 
NEW YORK 



A CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED 
ACCOUNT OF ENGRAVED VIEWS 
OF THE CITY FROM THE FIRST 
PICTURE PUBLISHED IN MDCLI 
UNTIL THE YEAR MDCCC 

BY 

WILLIAM LORING ANDREWS 




PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY 
DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY, new YORK 
ANNO DOMINI j^ MDCCCXCVII 




WO C^Plff? ^^ntis^EO 



20:^6 



CorVRir.HT, 1897, BY WILLIAM LOIIINr. ANnilWt 



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^^ frienD Beberl^ Clieiu 




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e. 



h laming' 2^aff}e jcfi^aim 

SO jna^f f/^on^AJyE 

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/T)alf reqtxife nry paine 



G^roy IVpitney, 



CONTENTS 

I Prefatory Notes . . . xvii 

II Bibliography .... xxvii 

III Chapter First .... 3 

Chronologically arranged Account of Engraved 
Views of the City from the first picture pub- 
lished in I 65 I until the Year 1800. 

IV Chapter Second . . . 31 

Engravings executed from the Year 1 65 1 to the 
Year 1700. 

V Chapter Third .... 57 

Engravings executed from the Year 1700 to the 
Year 1793. 

VI Chapter Fourth ... 75 

Engravings executed from the Year 1793 '° ^^^ 
Year 1800. 

VII Appendix ..... 97 

Extracts from G. M. Asher's Bibliographical and 
Historical Essay on Dutch Books and Pamphlets 
relating to New Netherland and the Dutch 
West India Company. Amsterdam, 1855 ; 
Hugh Gaine's Universal Register. New York, 
1776 and William Smith's History of New 
York, 1757. The References and Inscrip- 
tion upon the plan of John Montresor. Lon- 
don, 1775. Alleged portrait of Henry Hudson 
in possession of the City of New York. 

VIII Addenda 133 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



PHOTO-ENGRAVINGS 

The Duke's Plan (in color) . . Frontispiece 

Arms of New Amsterdam and New York 

(in color) . . Vignette on title page 



PHOTOGRAVURES ON COPPER 

Francis I .... 

Church of St. Ethelburga 

Old Houses in the City of Alban 

Mohawk Indian Warrior 

William Usselinx . 

West India Company's Warehouse, Amster 

dam, 1 64 1 

First View of New Amsterdam 

Title pageof Joost Hartger's " Beschrijvinghe " 

View of New Amsterdam on Van dcr Donck's 

iVIap of Nova Belgica . 
Title page of Van dcr Donck's " Beschry- 

vinge '' . 



PACING fACE 

4 

9 

14 

16 

18 



20 
32 



37 

3« 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

View of New Amsterdam in the " Beschry ving 

of Montanus 

William Kieft's Punishment for Beggars . 
The Fort in New York - • ■ ■ 
View of New Amsterdam on Seutter's Map 
Admiral Cornelis Evertsen . . • • 
View of New Amsterdam by P. Mortier . 
New Amsterdam, " A Small City on Manhat 

tan Island " 

Plan of the City of New York by Bernard 

Ratzer 

Prospect of ye City of New' York by William 

Burgis 

View of the " New Dutch Church " by Will- 
iam Burgis 

View of New York City on the Popple Map 
Southwest View of the City of New York. 

Drawn by Capt. Thomas Howdell . 
Southeast View of the City of New York 

Drawn by Capt. Thomas Howdell . 
Title page of Kalm's '' Reize " . • 
Southwest View of the City of New York 

J. Carwitham, sculp 

New York about 1790 .... 
Bowling Green 

xiii 



FACING PAGE 
41 

45 
48 

50 

54 

58 
60 

60 



63 

64 

66 

67 
68 

70 

71 
82 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FACING PAGE 

James II., Duke of" York and Albany . . 92 

The Montresor Plan 104 

Title page of Sermon bv Lambertus De Ronde i i 2 
Book-plate of the Society for the Propagation 

of the Gospel in Foreign Parts . . . 1 24 

PHOTOGRAVURES ON GELATINE 

Map of Novi Belgii, bv Justo Danckcrs 

(in color) xx 

Carolus Allard's View of New Amsterdam 

No. I (in color) 52 

Carolus Allard's View of New Amsterdam 

No. 2 (in color) 53 

LINE ENGRAVINGS ON COPPER 
BY E. DAVIS FRENCH — AFTER HIS OWN DESIGNS 

Lines to the Reader ix 

Headbands and Initial Letters, xvii, xx\ii, 3, 31, 57 

75> 97 
Tail pieces . xxiii, xxxi, 27, 54, 72, 93 

PHOTOGRAVURE ON COPPER 
COLOR KD BY HAND 

Southwest View of the City of New York, 

J. Carwitham, sculp. .... 70 



PREFATORY NOTES 





PREFATORY NOTES 

O far as I have been able to trace, 
there are but eight* views of the 
Fort and Town of New Am- 
sterdam and the City of New 
York, engraved prior to the 
Revolutionary War, which differ sufficiently 
from one another to support the hypothesis 
that they may have been engraved from sepa- 
rate original drawings. These, for the sake 
of brevity, I designate as follows : 

1 Hartgers 

2 N. J. Visscher 

3 Montanus 

4 Romeyn de Hooghe 8 Howdell — S. E. View 

* This number should, perhaps, be reduced by one, as the engravings 
on the Visscher and Van der Donck maps and in the History of Montanus 
all may have been taken from the sketch made by Augustine Herremans. 



5 Wm. Burgis 

6 B. Ratzer 

7 Howdell— S. W. View 



PREFATORY NOTES 



Of engraving No. i I find one early copy, 
or reprint ; of No. 2, five ; of No. 3, one ; of 
No. 4, eleven. Of the remaining prints I am 
unable to state with exactness how often they 
may have been copied in whole or in part prior 
to the year 1 800. Of these eight views, with 
the exception of Nos. 5 and 6, there have 
been numerous modern reproductions. 

The public and private collections that I 
have been able to consult, which contain copies 
of the maps and views described in the follow- 
ing pages, are indicated in the foot notes. 



Early Maps and Plans of the City of 
New York 

1 The Duke's Plan, . . 1661 

2 Plan de Manathes,ou Nou- 

velle Yore, bv J. B. L. 
Franquelin, . . . 1693 

3 The Miller Plan,* . .1695 

* Plan of the city by the Rev. John Miller as it existed in the year 
1695. This plan (one of Albany and of the forts at New York, Albany, 
Schenectady and the Indian fort at the Flats) accompanies a description 
of the Province and City of New York in 1 675, by the Rev. John Miller. 
** Now first printed from the original manuscript by Thomas Rodd, Lon- 
don, 1843, into whose possession it fell on the dispersion of the library of 
George Chalmers, Esq." 



PREFATORY NOTES 



4 The Bradford Map, a . 1731 

5 David Grim's Map, b . 1742 

6 The Duyckinck Map,'=' <: . 1755 

7 Plan of the City, by Ber- 

nard Ratzer, d . . 1767 

8 The Montresor Plan, d- . 1775 

9 Map in Hugh Gaine's 

Universal Register,/ . 1776 

10 The City of New York, 

surveyed by J. Hills, . 1782 

1 1 Plan of the City, by I. 

M. Comb Jun', ^ . 1789 

12 Map of the City, by Wm. 

Bridges, engraved by P. 
Maverick, . . . 1807 



Early Drawings of New York 
The Journal of the Labadists, Jaspar Dankers 

abed. The New York Historical Society. 

a efg. The Andrews Collection. 

*'* A Plan of the City of New York from an actual Survey, Anno 
Domini MDCCIV." By Frank Maerschalk, city surveyor. Printed, 
Ingraved for and sold by G. Duyckinck. The map is dedicated to Lieu- 
tenant-Governor James de Lancey. The key contains forty-four names 
of buildings and localities. The copy of this map in the New York 
Historical Society was presented to that institution in 1807 by John 
Pintard. 



PREFATORY NOTES 

and Peter Sluyter, 1679-80, contains three views 
of New York, as follows : 

1 New York from Brooklyn Heights. 

2 View of New York from the East. 

3 \'iew of New York from the North, 

Facsimile reproductions of the above will be 
found in the Memoirs of the Long Island 
Historical Society, Volume I, Brooklyn, 1867. 
The miniature views in the headbands of Chap- 
ters 11, III and IV are taken tVom illustrations 
in this publication. 



Chronological Arrangement of the First 

Five Engraved Views of New York 

and the Early Copies or 

Rei'rints Thereof 

first view 
Original In J cost Hartger's Befchrijvinghe 
van Virginia, etc. /; Amsterdam, 
1651. 

Copy A In Adriaen Van der Donck's Nieuvv- 
Nederlant. First Edition. / Am- 
sterdam, 1655. 

A The Lenot Library. The New York Historical Society. The 
Andrew* CoUectiun. 

I The Lenux Librar)-. 



PREFATORY NOTES 

SECOND VIEW 

Original On Map of Nicolas J. Visscher, 

1651-1656. 
Copy A On Map of Adriaen Van der Donck, 

in his Nieuvv-Nederlant. Second 
Edition, y 1656. 

" B On first Map of Hugo Allard. 

" C On Map of N. Visscher (said to be 
N. J. Visscher's old map re- 
touched by N. Visscher about 
1690). 

" D On Map of Justo Danckers. 

" E On Map of Johan Baptista Homan.'^ 

THIRD VIEW 

Original In Arnoldus Montanus's " Besch- 

ryving van Amerika." 1671. 
Copy A In Ogilby's " America." 1671. 

FOURTH VIEW 

Original On second Map of Hugo Allard. 
i673-t 

;■ The Lenox Library. The Andrews Collection. 

* Published in his " Neuer Atlas," Norimbergae, 1707. The view 
bears the name of N. Visscher. Whether it is a copy of, or an impres- 
sion from the original N. Visscher plate it is difficult to determine. 

f This engraving is supposed by Asher to have been executed by the 
celebrated Romeyn de Hooghe, and is called the "Capture of New Am- 



PREFATORY NOTES 

Copies A B On first and second Maps of Caro- 

lus Allard. /^* 
Copy C On Map of Joachim Ottens/'' 
" D On Map of Reinier &: Josua Ot- 

tens. / '•' 
" E On Map of Matthew Seutter. m 

" F On Map of Tobias Conrad Lotter. 

Copies GH Two Views in Carolus AUard's 
Collection of Views of Cities of 
the World, n 
Copv I The View with the title " Een 
stedeken in Noord Amerikaes " 
and the inscription Amstel. C. P. 
No. 92, Pet. Schenck, 

sterdam by the Dutch, August, 1673." [Again surrendered to the English 
on the loth of November (new style), 1674.] This view is reproduced 
by Joseph W. Moulton in his "New York 170 Years Ago," with the 
following explanatory note: "This view was copied from a manuscript 
copv of one which was originally published in Holland, and which copy 
was made in 1769 by Du Simitiere, a French gentleman of antiquarian 
research, taste and learning, who resided and died in Philadelphia. His 
manuscripts were preserved in the Loganian branch of the library of that 
city. '* Satisfied of its authority as a correct delineation immediately prior 
to the conquest in July, 1673, upwn various grounds in the recapitulation 
of which it is not necessary to occupy the reader's attention, the writer 
caused this interesting relic to be engraved." 

k The Harvard College Library (plain and colored impression). 

/ The Emmet Collection, in the Lenox Library. 

m The New York Historical Society. The Andrews Collection. 

n The Andrews Collection. 

The Huntington Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art. 

* According to Asher these are all from the same plate. 



PREFATORY NOTES 

Copy J The Engraving signed P. Mortier, o 
" K The small engraving on Map of 

P. Schenck. 1705. p 

The titles upon these maps vary in volu- 
minousness under the caption of " Novi Belgii 
in America Septentrionali " or its equivalent, 
while the views which ornament them bear in 
some cases the simple title " Neu Jorck sive 
Neu Amsterdam " ; in others the following : 
" Nieuw Amsterdam onlango Nieuw Yorck ge- 
nant. Ende hernommen by de Nederlanders, 
op den 24th Augt. 1673," OJ* " Nieuw Amster- 
dam onlangs Nieuw jorck op den 24 Aug. 
1673 eindelyk aan de Engelse weder afgestan." 

FIFTH VIEW 

Original The Engraving by William Burgis. 

N. Y. 1717.^ 
Copy A On the Popple Map. (?) 1733. r 
" B In the London Magazine. (?) 1761. 

W. L. A. 

p The Andrews Collection. y The New York Historical Society. 

r The Lenox Library. The Holden Collection. 



^^'f^^f^ 




BIBLIOGRAPHY 





BIBLIOGRAPHY 

LPHABETICAL list of books 
which have been consulted in 
the preparation of this account 
of views illustrating New York 
City : 

Allard (Carolo). Orbis Habitabilis Oppida et 
Vestitus, etc. (One hundred colored 
views of cities.) 

Folio. Amsterdam, n. d. 

Befchrijvinghe Van Virginia, 0tn\Xi jl^fDerlanDt, 
Nieuw Engelandt, €n D'C^lanDeu Ber- 
mudes, Berbados, en S. Chriftoffel. . . . 
Met kopere Figuren verciert. 

Pot quarto. t'Amsterdam. By Joost Hart- 
gers, 1 65 1. 

Beschryvinge Van Nieuw- Nederlant, etc., 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

door Adriaen vander Donck (first edition). 
Pot quarto. t'Aemsteldam. By Evert 
Nieuwenhof, Anno, 1655. 

The same (second edition). 1656. 

Davies (C. W.). History of Holland. 
Octavo. London, 1842. 

Drake (Samuel G.). Biography and History 
of the Indians of North America. 
Octavo. Boston, 185 1. 

Gaine (Hugh). Universal Register or Ameri- 
can and British Kalendar. 

Duodecimo. New York, 1776. 

Goodrich's (A. T.) The Picture of New York 
and Stranger's Guide to the Commercial 
Metropolis of the United States. 

Douodecimo. New York, 1825-1828. 

Hudsonus (Henricus). Descriptio ac delinea- 
to Geographica, etc. 

Medium quarto. Amsterodami, 161 2. 

Lamb (Mrs. Martha J.). History of the City 
of New York. 

Quarto. New York, 1877. 

Lambrechtsen (N. C). A Short Description 
of the Discovery and Subsequent History 
of the New Netherlands. 

Octavo. Middleburg, Holland, 18 18. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Miller (Rev. John). A Description of the 
Province and City of New York in 1675. 
Now first printed from the original MS. 
by Thomas Rodd. 

Octavo. London, 1843. 

Moulton (J. W.). New York 170 Years Ago. 
Octavo. New York, 1843. 

O'Callaghan (E. B.). History of New Neth- 
erland, or New York, under the Dutch. 
Two Volumes, octavo. New York, 1855 

Purchas (Samuel). His Pilgrimes. 

Five Volumes, folio. London, 1625. 

Read (John M.). Henry Hudson. 
Octavo. Albany, 1846. 

Smith (Wm. A. M.). The History of the 
Province of New York from the First 
Discovery to the Year MDCCXXXIL 
Quarto. London, 1757. 

Valentine (D. T.). History of the City of 
New York. 

Octavo. New York, 1853. 

Watson (John F.). Annals of New York. 
Octavo. Philadelphia, 1846. 



BIBLIOGRAPH V 

Throuejh the courtesv of the custodians ot 
the New York Historical Society and the 
I.enox 1 jhnirv I have been able to examine such 
of the following maps as are not embraced in 
mv own collection : 

Allard (C.) McComb 

Bradford Montresor 

Duyckinck Ottens (J. & R.) 

Dancker Ratzer 

Gaine Schenck 

hotter Seutter 
V'isscher (X.) 

Also an atlas ot 185 maps " collected in Hol- 
land about the Year 1760 by Dirk Van der 
Wevde, A.M. (presented to the Historical So- 
ciety in the City of New Amsterdam by his 
grandson, Peter Henry \'an der Weyde, 
M. D.)" ; The " Zee Atlas " of Peter Goos ; 
The " Atlas Minor" of Abraham Allard, and 
the various extensive cartographical collections 
published by the Blaeu family. 

The New York Historical Society Collec- 
tions, New Series, N'olume I, furnish transla- 
tions of V^ln der Donck's " Beschryvinge,"Lam- 
lirechtsen's " New Netherlands," De \'ries's 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



" Voyages," Acrelius's " New Sweden," Ver- 
razzano's "Voyage," A. D. 1524, Extracts 
from Juet's " Journal of Hudson's Voyage," 
and several other important publications relat- 
ing to the History of New Netherland. 

David T. Valentine, for many years Clerk 
of the Common Council of the City of New 
York, made his Manual of the Corporation a 
treasure-house of local history lore, and copied 
in its pages, by means of lithography, probably 
every rare map and view of New York that 
exists. In this antiquarian labor he was greatly 
assisted by the late Dr. George H. Moore, 
formerly librarian of the New York Historical 
Society and superintendent of the Lenox Li- 
brary. To these enthusiastic students and 
chroniclers of our city's past every lover of 
reminiscences of old New York owes a con- 
stant and lively debt of gratitude. 

W. L. A. 




CHAPTER I 



In juck an hour he turns, and on his i-ienv 

Octant '^"iJ f^rthf and heaven, burst before him ; 

Clouds slumbering at his feel, and the clear blue 
Of summer s sky in beauty bending o'er him — 

The city bright belotc i and far aivay. 

Sparkling in golden light, his o^'n romantic bay. 

Tall spire, and glittering roof, and battlement. 

And banners floating in the sunny air; 
And nubile sails o'er the calm blue ivalers bent. 

Green isle, and circling shore, are blended there 
In iL'ild reality. H'hen life is old. 

And many a scene forgot, the heart ni.-ill hold 

Its memory of this ; nor lives there one 

Whose infant breath ivas draivn, or boyhood's days 
Of happiness ivere passed peneath that sun. 

That in his manhood ' s prime can calmly gaze 
Upon that bay, or on that mountain stand. 

Nor feel the prouder of his nalii'e land. 

Fitz : Greene Halleck 




NEW AMSTERDAM NEW 
ORANGE NEW YORK 

A CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED ACCOUNT 
OF ENGRAVED VIEWS OF THE CITY 
FROM THE FIRST PICTURE PUB- 
LISHED IN 165I UNTIL 
THE YEAR I 80O 



CHAPTER I 

EFORE proceeding with our enu- 
meration of the existing engrav- 
ings which illustrate " t' Fort 
nieuw Amsterdam op de Man- 
hatans," the Town of New Am- 
sterdam, and the City of New York from prim- 
itive times down to the close of the eighteenth 
century, we pause a moment to glance at the 
personality of the great discoverer of that 




NEW AMSTERDAM 

portion of the New World in which, as denizens 
of this flourishing Metropolis, we are most 
deeply interested, and also to refresh our mem- 
ory m regard to the character, composition 
and aims of the great commercial and maritime 
company which planted the Colony of New 
Netherland. 

HENRY HUDSON 

IT is asserted, and the claim is admitted by 
certain distinguished historians — the Hon. 
George Bancroft among the number — that Gio- 
vanni Verrazzano, a Florentine corsair, privat- 
eersman, or buccaneer (whichever it may please 
you to designate him), in the service of His 
Most Serene Majesty, the King of France, did, 
in the spring of 1524, enter lower New York 
Bay, and was therefore the first European who 
sighted Sandy Hook and the virgin-forest- 
crowned Highlands of the Neve-Sincks. Un- 
fortunately for him and his royal master, Ver- 
razzano's exploration of the inland water he had 
happened upon was, according to his own elab- 
orate report, nipped in the bud by a violent 
storm, which drove him and his caravel out to 
sea. 

This entire story is claimed by the Hon. 

4 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

Henry C. Murphy to be manufactured out of 
whole cloth. It is utterly scouted by him and 
other learned writers, and Verrazzano's letter 
of July 8, 1524, to Francis I, giving a cir- 
cumstantial account of his discoveries, is pro- 
nounced a wholesale forgery. As the proofs 
adduced and the arguments presented on both 
sides of this vexed question are absolutely con- 
clusive, we feel at liberty to adopt whichever 
view of the matter will contribute most to the 
easy flow of our narrative. As to the truth of 
the closing incident in the life of this Italian 
navigator, who has set the historians so might- 
ily by the ears, there appears to be less conflict- 
ing evidence. Three years after he penned his 
letter and " Cosmographical Exposition of his 
Voyage " on board the ship " Dolphin," as she 
lay for repairs in the port of Dieppe, and de- 
spatched it to Francis I, he fell, it is said, into 
the meshes of Spanish law, and expiated his sins 
of omission in the matter of the discovery of 
new lands, and his crimes of commission in the 
way of piratical adventures, by a sudden and un- 
natural ending of his bold career. But such an 
ignominious taking oflT should not necessarily 
dim the fame of Verrazzano,for did not this same 
chivalric and enlightened nation imprison 

5 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

Columbus and load him with chains ? It was a 
convenient mode of discharging obligations to 
their faithful servants when the indebtedness 
became too burdensome, that kings and 
princes aforetime occasionally adopted. 

For nearly a century after this partial discov- 
ery by Verrazzano, the country, which escaped 
his prying eyes, through the inopportune and 
officious intermeddling of Old Neptune — as the 
Florentine rover claims — remained a sealed book 
to all Europe ; for it was not until the closing 
days of the summer of 1 609 that Captain Henry 
Hudson, in the " Yaght Halve Maan," passed 
cautiously up the Bay of New York, sounded 
his way through the Narrows, and for the first 
time in the history of civilization the Bergen 
heights echoed back across the salt marshes of 
Communipaw '"'' the sound of the casting of an 
anchor in the placid land-locked waters of the 
Kil van Kol. 

We can fancy Hudson's sensations as he 
gazed upon the tranquil scene which, after his 
wearisome five months' voyage, unfolded itself 
before his vision. To the north — whither his 
course was bent — lay a wide expanse of rippling 
water, its boundary hidden beneath an au- 

* Indian name Gomocuipa. 

6 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

tumnal haze which must have teemed with fairy 
visions and resounded with syren voices luring 
him onward in his vain search for " far Cathay." 
The hour that would witness the fruition of the 
hopes that had led the intrepid mariner across 
a trackless deep to a strange and beaconless 
shore appeared about to strike, and the heart 
of the commander of the Half-Moon must 
have throbbed with bright anticipations of as- 
sured success, as in the twilight of that Septem- 
ber day he paced the quarter-deck of his little 
craft, and gave vent to his emotions by consum- 
ing pipe after pipe of the fragrant Indian weed, 
into the use and delights of which, according 
to tradition, he had been inducted by no less a 
personage than the great Sir Walter Raleigh 
himself 

Of the life of this renowned discoverer little 
is known save for a period of three or four 
years, and probably no authentic engraving of 
him exists/'^ He came upon the stage too late 
for Holbein's incisive pencil, too early for the 
magic brush of Rembrandt; but Simon de Passe, 
a dabster of no small pretensions in the art of 
portraiture, might have limned the bronzed, 
weather-beaten features. Could he have fore- 

* See Appendix. 

7 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

seen Hudson's future fame and importance in 
American history, surely he would not have 
had the heart to leave us without a portrait of 
the great mariner, as a companion piece to the 
one he engraved of Hudson's friend, the illus- 
trious Captain John Smith. Conceive of a 
portrait of Henry Hudson by Simon de Passe, 
with one of his emblematic borders and its 
customary laudatory verse (without which no 
seventeenth century portrait was deemed com- 
plete), after the quaint fashion of that olden 
time the spirit of which is not dead but only 
sleepeth — as witness the following lines indited 
for this occasion bv Mr. Beverly Chew : 

"■ The lively Features greet you here 
Of Hudson that bold Marinier^ 
Who spread his Canvass to the Breeze 
And bravely saiVd on unknown Seas. 
His Fame^ like that of Palinure^ 
To endless Ages shall endure.*' 

Ye Gods and little fishes ! — the picture would 
command a King's ransom. 

The first view of the discoverer of the island 
of Manhattan'^' that the page of history affords 

* Variously indicated on the maps as Mannathan, Manhates and Man- 
hatans, Dr. Jonathan Edwards in his Observations on the Language of the 
Stockbridge Indians states that almost every man who writes Indian names 




«.i Sr I- 

1 ,0 M»ON 



riiii III i><; 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

is one strikingly suggestive of the spirit and 
manners of the age, and highly creditable to 
the character of the man. It exhibits him in 
the performance of an act of devotion in the 
Mariner's Church of St. Ethelburga, in Bishops- 
gate Street, one of the London churches which 
we are told by the antiquary, Timbs, escaped 
the great fire of 1666 and retains some of its 
Early English masonry. Augustus Hare in his 
" Walks in London " also notices the " solemn 
little church of St. Ethelburga " dedicated to the 
daughter of King Ethelbert. He found it al- 
most " concealed by its parasitic houses " and 
states that its existence is mentioned as early 



spells them in a peculiar manner. Small wonder, when the language 
bristles with such unpronounceable orthographic mostrosities as tawautot- 
tenaugaloughtoungga and coantehsalohaunzaickaw, which are encountered 
in the Pater Noster, in the language of the Six Nations. 

" Modern writers on Indian Terminology have been at much trouble 
to explain the reason why the island ot" New York was first called Man- 
hattans. Some aver that it was because it signifies ' the place of original 
intoxication,' others that the name was derived from a species of wood 
growing there, of which the Indians made their bows and arrows. These 
are surmises founded only on fancy. The early Dutch inhabitants give an 
explanation more consonant to common sense. It was so called ' from or 
after the tribe of savages among whom the Dutch made their first settle- 
ment ' the fierce Manhattae or Manhattans, 'a cruel nation.' It was the 
Dutch, therefore, and not the Indians who first called the island of New 
York 'Manhattans.' " 

O'Callaghan's "History of New Netherland." 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

as 1366, and that it still contains some good 
fragments of old stained glass. 

The church of St. Ethelburga was noted for 
its " short services for city men," and accord- 
ing to tradition was frequented by sailors return- 
ing from voyages and immediately previous to 
their going down to the sea in ships. To this 
old Gothic fane, God-fearing Captain Henry 
Hudson and his brave and hardy crew repaired 
to partake of the sacrament before sailing under 
the direction of the " Muscovy," or Russian 
Companv (a private association formed in Lon- 
don), to attempt a northwest passage, or, in the 
short, sharp and decisive language of one of 
the early writers, " a passage to Asia across the 
North Pole." 

Hudson made two voyages to the north in 
the years 1607 and 1608, both of which proved 
as fruitless as those of preceding navigators. 
The London Company thereupon appears to 
have lost heart and suspended operations, and 
Hudson turned his steps toward the land of 
William the Taciturn, where he was warmly 
welcomed and " ceremoniously received " by 
the resident Directors at Amsterdam of the 
Dutch Fast India Company, and the "city 
nobles" at the Hague. After the deliberate 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

and careful manner of the phlegmatic but en- 
terprising Dutchmen, an expedition was finally 
planned to search for China by the northwest, 
the expense thereof being defrayed by the 
Amsterdam Chamber of the Company. The 
other departments declined to engage in the 
project. It was — said their Directors — " throw- 
ing money away and nothing else." 

His courageous promoters furnished Hud- 
son a vlieboat or Dutch galiot, a clumsy, two- 
masted, square-rigged brig of forty lasts, or 
eighty tons — a stout seaworthy craft enough, but 
not remarkable for speed. She was manned by a 
mixed crew of English and Dutch of twenty 
men. The mate was Robert Juet, an old compan- 
ion of Hudson in his polar explorations, whose 
journal of the voyage fortunately has been pre- 
served; and this log book kept by Master Juet, 
as the Half-Moon ploughed her way through 
the unknown waters of the Oiogue ''' may be 
read to this day in the third volume of Purchas, 
"His Pilgrimes," published in London, in 1625, 
and to be found in any important public and 
in many private English and American libraries. 
It is a scarce but not a rare book. 

With the flag of their Lords' High Mighti- 

'^ The Indian name of the Hudson River, according to O'Callaghan. 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

nesses flying from the ensign staff, and the pen- 
nant of the Dutch East India Company floating 
from the mast head, Hudson took his departure 
from Amsterdam on the fourth, and sailed from 
the Texel on the sixth of April, 1609. On Sep- 
tember second he sighted the Highlands of the 
Neve-Sincks, the following day he rounded a 
" low sandv hook," named on the early maps 
Sand Punct or Godyn's Punct, and on Septem- 
ber fourth moored the Half-Moon in the 
sheltered waters of " the Great North River of 
New Netherland.'"'' His first landing is said 
to have been made at ^'■Con\nen Eylandt'' (Rab- 
bit's Island), a low barren sandy shore, destined 
in after years to become the most popular sea- 
side resort of the inhabitants of the Island 
of Manhattan. 

The Half-Moon had arrived off the banks 
of Newfoundland on the second of July, Here 
her captain shortened sail and allowed his men 
to fish for cod, of which toothsome article of 
sea-food they secured a bountiful supply. The 
two months following were consumed by Hud- 
son in cruising up and down the coast from 
Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay, claiming pos- 
session as first discoverer of all the land that 

* O'Callaghan's " History of New Netherland." 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

hove in sight, and loitering for a week at a time 
at various points to pow-wow and barter with 
the wonder-stricken Indians, most of whom he 
found of a friendly disposition and hospitably 
inclined. 

On September sixth Hudson first passed 
through the " Narrows "=== of New York Bay, 
the land on either side covered to the water's 
edge with trees, grass and flowers, the air 
filled with a delightful fragrance. " As beauti- 
ful a land," he exclaims, " as the foot of man 
can tread upon." A most fertile land it later 
proved to be, in which " the barley grew so high 
that the ears could be tied together above the 
farmer's head." It was not, however, until the 
eleventh of the month that Hudson came in 
sight of the point of land upon which now 
stands the proud City of New York. His 
first attempt to ascend the bay was unsuccess- 
ful. An unfortunate misunderstanding, which 
resulted in an hostile encounter with the In- 
dians, obliged him to beat a temporary retreat. 
In this first passage of arms Colman, an Eng- 
lishman, was killed by an arrow shot into his 
throat and fell, the "first European victim of an 

* Hoofden. Headlands so called by the Dutch from a comparison 
with the Hoofden of the channel between England and France. 

13 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

Indian weapon." Two more of the crew were 
wounded. 

On September thirteenth or fourteenth (the 
accounts differ), in the afternoon, Hudson 
weighed anchor, and in the words of Dr. O'- 
Callaghan " commenced his memorable voyage 
up that majestic stream which has since handed 
his name down to posterity." 

Hudson ascended the river leisurely, halting 
here and there to parley and trade with the In- 
dian tribes along its banks, with whom he cau- 
tiously and ceremoniously interchanged visits. 
He made them fight merry with his " bottles of 
strong waters of three or four pints," and in 
return tested the virtues of their red copper 
pipes, but partook sparingly, we imagine, at the 
feasts which these sons of the forest spread 
before him, of the grand piece de resistance^ " fat 
dog." Finally, on September nineteenth or 
twenty-third — according to whichever authority 
you pin your faith — he arrived at a point a 
little below the site of the present thriving 
City of Albany. Then having become con- 
vinced by soundings that he had reached the 
head of navigation, and that a passage to the 
Orient by that particular route was impracti- 
cable, the ship was " warped offand put about," 

»4 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

and Hudson turned to retrace his course down 
the " great " river ='" a sadder and a wiser man. 

From about that part of the stream now 
known as Stony Point, to the neighborhood of 
the present Hoboken, Hudson was forced to 
engage in much lively skirmishing with the In- 
dians f who swarmed about his vessel in their 
canoes with pilferous and hostile intent. The re- 
sult of these numerous assaults was considerable 
bloodshed and some loss of life on the part of 
the savages, while Hudson and his crew escaped 
with little injury to person or property. The 
red man's poison-tipped arrow proved no match 
for the Dutchman's gun-powder, blunderbuss, 
and cannon. 

On the fourth of October, " having won an 
immortality which was destined to hand down 
his name to the latest age," Hudson put to sea 
with all sails set, homeward bound ; and on the 

* " The Hudson River has been called at various times Manhattan 
River, and also the Mauritius, in honor of Prince Maurice ; but the name 

most generally prevalent in early days was the Nordt or North River 

which distinguished it from the East River, and also from the Delaware, 
which the Dutch called their South River." 

f The principal Indian tribes who occupied at the time of Hudson's 
arrival the country on and adjacent to the North River, were, according 
to Dr. O'Callaghan, the Mohawks, the Mahicanders or river Indians, 
the Wappingers and the Manhattans. They all belonged to the com- 
mon stock of the Algonkin-Lenape family. 

IS 



NEW AMSTERDAM 



seventh of November, j///o-«ot'o arrived in the 
" range of Dartmouth in Devonshire." What 
thereafter came to pass until the end of this im- 
portant chapter in the history of the New 
World, which closes with the untimely and 
pitiful exit of our bold and successful navigator 
from the scene of which he was the central fig- 
ure, is concisely stated by Dr. O'Callaghan in 
his valuable " History of New Netherland " : 

" Hudson, immediately on his arrival here, 
forwarded information of his return, and an ac- 
count of his discoveries, to the Directors of the 
East India Company in Amsterdam, and of- 
fered, at the same time, to make another voy- 
age to the northwest in the month of March 
following, provided they furnished besides the 
men's wages the sum of 1,500 guilders in cash, 
to purchase necessaries in addition to what were 
already on board. He proposed further that 
six or seven of the present crew should be 
changed, but that the number of hands should 
consist alto2;ether of twenty. His plan was to 
sail from Dartmouth on the first of March ; to 
spend the month of April and half of May 
killing whales and other sea animals near the 
Island of Panar ; thence to sail to the north- 
west of Scotland. These proposals, owing to 




(t'/.f/i ///.' T(n\A ax , Scivlpn^^- Knife >LV' . 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK. 

contrary winds, did not reach the Directors, who 
were ignorant for a considerable time of Hud- 
son's arrival in England. When the news at 
length reached them, they ordered him to re- 
turn immediately with his vessel to Holland. 
Their orders he would have instantly obeyed, 
had he, as well as the English portion of his 
crew, not been forbidden by the authorities in 
England, who were exceedingly jealous of the 
maritime enterprise of the Dutch, to leave his 
native country, or to enter into the service of 
any foreign power. It was supposed that the 
English were desirous themselves to send him 
with some ships to Virginia, further to explore 
that part of America. The Half-Moon re- 
turned to Holland after a detention in England 
of eight months ; but Hudson's connection 
with the Dutch East India Company ceased 
shortly after his arrival in England. He reen- 
tered the service of the London Company, by 
whom he had been originally employed, and 
perished at sea, after having discovered the bay 
in the northwest seas which still bears his 
name." — Sent adrift in a shallop with eight of 
his crew in those Arctic waters, he was never 
heard of again. 



17 







THE DUTCH WEST INDIA 
COMPANY 

THE Dutch West India Company, under 
whose auspices the City of New York 
started nearly three centuries ago upon its mar- 
velous career, dates from the year 1606. The 
prime mover in the enterprise was William 
Usselinx, a merchant of Antwerp, a man of 
great abilitv, " courageous, crafty and far-see- 
ing," who had visited the West Indies, knew 
their richness and productiveness, and desired 
to have a finger in the profits that would accrue 
from trade with the islands, " plentiful of spices 
and fruits," that lav in those tropical seas. It 
was currently reported that there was more gold 
than earth in their mines, which the natives 
were only too happy to exchange for hammers, 
knives, axes and the like tools of iron, — not to 
apply these implements of common use to the 
purposes for which they were designed but to 
the adornment of their naked, dusky forms. 
A necklace composed of these tools of trade 

18 



^mmd 





avtevr vaiiWestindise Compangi 
Aet.svae 69 Ao 1637. 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

Stamped its wearer as a man of extreme fashion, 
and of the latest mode. 

The charter of the West India Company 
bears date the third of June, 1621, and was 
patterned after that of the wealthy and powerful 
corporation, the East India Company, incorpo- 
rated in 1602, whose members regarded this 
new commercial enterprise with jealous eyes, 
and persistently threw all possible obstacles in 
the way of its success. The younger company, 
however, finally succeeded in securing the same 
monopoly of the trade of the American and 
African shores of the Atlantic that the East In- 
dia Company had enjoyed in Asia, and the two 
companies were expected by their High Mighti- 
nesses, the Lords States General of the United 
Netherlands, from whom their charter was 
obtained, and who rendered them at sundry 
times financial aid, to cooperate in extending 
national commerce, promoting colonization, 
crushing piracy, but " above all in humbling 
the pride and might of Spain." 

The original capital of the company, 
6,000,000 florins (about |2, 500,000), was se- 
cured with difiiculty, but none whatever was 
experienced in doubling and trebling this cap- 
ital a few years subsequently, after annual divi- 

19 



NEW AMSTERDAM 



dends of twenty-five to seventy-five per cent, 
had been declared and paid, out of profits de- 
rived principallv from the valuable prizes cap- 
tured by the company's fleet. The most impor- 
tant of these captures was that of the Spanish 
" plate fleet " bv Admiral Pieter Pieterssen 
Hevn, in September, 1628, in Matanzas Bay. 
It consisted of twenty sail laden with gold, silver 
and other valuable treie;ht estimated to be worth 
$5,000,000. 

In 1633 the company's squadron numbered 
one hundred and twenty vessels of from three 
to eight hundred tons burden, fullv armed and 
equipped, and prepared tor either peaceful com- 
merce with the Colonies, or a sanguinary en- 
counter with the enemies of Holland anywhere 
and everywhere upon the higjh seas. Between 
eight thousand and nine thousand men were at 
this time in the employ of the company. 

In 1^)2^ the income from the tur trade ot 
New Netherland amounted to 28,000 guilders, 
and the company bey;an to consider the pro- 
ject of building a tort upon Manhattan Island. 
Three large ships and one fast sailing yacht 
were dispatched with six entire families and a 
number of single men, torty-five persons in all, 
with household goods, tarming implements and 




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NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

over an hundred head of cattle. In 1624 {vide 
O'Callaghan) Peter Minuit, or Minnewit of 
Wesel, in the kingdom of Westphaha, was ap- 
pointed Director of New Netherland, and ar- 
rived here in the course of that year. The 
date of Minuit's advent in this quarter of the 
globe, as given by Mrs. Martha J. Lamb, does 
not correspond with that of Dr. O'Callaghan. 
Mrs. Lamb states that Minuit " sailed from 
Amsterdam in December in the ship ' Sea 
Mew,' Captain Adrian Joris, and arrived at 
Manhattan on the fourth of May, 1626. His 
private secretary was Leonard Kool, ' whose 
name may now be found attached to grants of 
land in connection with that of the Governor.' " 
The 6th of May, 1626, was a day ever to be 
remembered in the annals of our city. Director 
General Minuit had been instructed by the 
West India Company to close a hard and fast 
bargain with the Indians for their lands before 
proceeding to the erection of buildings there- 
upon. He therefore summoned the principal 
Indian chiefs to a conference, and before the 
setting of the sun succeeded in cajoling out of 
the copper-hued original proprietors a deed in 
fee simple of the entire Island of Manhattan, 
giving in exchange for the twenty-two thousand 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

acres which he and his surveyor, Kym Frederick 
(the engineer who afterwards staked out the 
fort), roughlv estimated the plot to contain, a 
quantity of beads, buttons, and other trinkets 
valued at sixty guilders or about twenty-four 
dollars — a satisfactory day's work for the Dutch 
West India Company. 

A block house with red cedar palisadoes, and 
a warehouse constructed of native stone and 
thatched with reeds, were shortly erected. One 
corner of the latter building was set apart as a 
village store and a depot ot supplies for the col- 
ony. Hither came the Indians to sell their 
furs and drink the white man's strong waters, 
the potent and insidious effects of which they 
had already tested to the discomfiture of more 
than one of their number in the hospitable 
cabin of the Half-Moon. 

The building of a horse mill came next in 
order, in the rude unfinished loft ot which, fur- 
nished with a few rough benches, the first stated 
religious services on this island were held. 

With a population composed solely of traders 
and their families, and the officials and servants 
of the West India Company, domiciled in a 
score or so of woodcn-chimney'd shanties, 
roofed with bark and sods, the infant town of 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

New Amsterdam began its struggle for exist- 
ence with, apparently, little aid or attention from 
its sponsors, the Dutch West India Company, 
except the keeping of a sharp lookout after 
the beaver and otter "skynnes" and other 
peltries exported, and the turning of the pro- 
ceeds thereof forthwith into their own capacious 
coffers. 

In 1633 the directors dispatched Wouter van 
Twiller,* felicitously dubbed by Irving "Walter 
the Doubter," a clerk in the employ of the West 
India Company and a relative of the Patroon 
Van Rensselaer, to rule over the affairs of the 
colony. To this public functionary, who by 
his lax administration of affairs excited the ire 
and incurred anathemas from the pulpit of 
Dominie Bogardus, succeeded, in 1637, that 
noted promulgator of protests and proclama- 
tions, William Kieft, better known among us, 
since Knickerbocker wrote his entertaining 
and instructive history, as William the Testy, 
who for ten years misruled the colony and 
brought it to the verge of ruin and disruption. 
The fiendish massacre of the Pavonia Indians, 

* Wouter van Twiller became, by purchase from the Indians, the 
first white proprietor of the island of Pagganck, now known as Gover- 
nor's Island. 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

ordered bv Gov. Kieft against the advice and 
remonstrance of De N'ries, his ablest and wisest 
counsellor, was one of the occurrences which 
disgraced his administration and brought un- 
told after suffering upon the colony of New 
Netherland. Kieft's death by shipwreck on 
his passage home in the " Princess," was, says 
O'Callaghan, looked ujion bv all as an act of 
retributive justice. 

General Petrus Stuyvesant, " Peter the Head- 
strong," the last and best governor under the 
Dutch Dvnastv, arrived and assumed the reins 
of government in 1647. He held office for 
seventeen vears until September eighth, 1664, 
when he surrendered the colony, and New Am- 
sterdam with its population of one thousand six 
hundred souls to the I'.nglish under Col. Richard 
Nicolls. The flag of Oranje Boven was reluct- 
antly lowered to the cross ot St. George, and 
the shield bearing a beaver proper, surmounted 
bv a count's coronet, encircled by the words 

" SIC.ILLIM NOVI BELGII 

was supplanted bv the Koval Arms ot Great 
Britain and the legend 

"SIGILL I'ROVIN NOVI EBORAc" 

I'hc Knglish flag was hoisted over Fort 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

Amsterdam and the name immediately changed 
to Fort James. The following are the names 
of the commissioners who arranged the terms 
of capitulation: 

On the part of the Dutch, 

Counsellor John de Decker 

Captain Nicholas Varlett 

Cornelius Steenwick 

Doctor Samuel Megapolensis 

Old Burgomaster Oloff Stevensen van 

Cortlandt 
Old Schepen Jacques Cousseau 

On the part of the English, 
Sir Robert Carr 
Colonel George Carteret 
John Winthrop 
Samuel Willys of Connecticut 
Thomas Clarke 
John Pynchon of Massachusetts 

By this time (1664) the West India Com- 
pany found itself in deep water with its finances. 
Its outlay for the province of New Netherland 
over and above its receipts is said to have 
exceeded ten tons of gold. The history of 
the company, writes Mrs. Martha J. Lamb 



NEW AMSTERDAM 



in her History of New York, might have been 
foretold. There were defects in its organiza- 
tion which rendered it unable to establish a 
thriving commerce or flourishing settlements, 
and the possessions it obtained in either South 
or North America were never governed prop- 
erly. 

The profits of the company, says another 
and earlier of our local historians, D. T. V^alen- 
tinc, began to decline after the passage, in 1628, 
of an act under the title of " Freedoms and 
Exemptions granted to all such as shall plant 
colonies in New Netherlands," which gave to 
such persons as should send over a colony of 
fiftv souls, above fifteen years old, the title of 
Patroons,a.nd the privilege of selecting any land 
(except on the Island of Manhattan) tor a dis- 
tance of eight miles on each side of the river, 
and so far inland as should be thought con- 
venient, the company stipulating, however, that 
the products of these plantations should be first 
brought to the Manhattans before being sent 
elsewhere for trade, and it also reserved to itself 
the sole trade with the Indians for peltries. 
These privileges gave an impetus to emigra- 
tion, but from this era commenced the decay 
of the profits of the company, as with all their 



r6 



NEW ORANGE, NEW YORK 

vigilance they could not restrain the inhabitants 
from surreptitiously engaging in trade with the 
Indians, and drawing thence a profit which 
would otherwise have gone into the public 
treasury. A copy in full of the act referred to 
above will be found in O'Callaghan's " History 
of New Netherland," Volume I, page 112. 





-> 



f. > 
< ^ 









NEW AMSTERDAM 



distinguished townsmen the Klzevirs, or the fa- 
mous typographer, Christopher Plantin, in the 
neighboring town of Antwerp. Throughout all 
time this little black letter quarto will possess a 
unique interest for the entire race of Knicker- 
bockers, and be sought for with avidity by the 
New York antiquary and bibliophile. Without 
it no collection of books relating to the history 
ofour city can lay claim to completeness, for 
it professes to contain the first picture of Fort 
New Amsterdam, on the Island of Manhattan, 
of which we have any knowledge. 

This precious little volume furnishes an ac- 
count couched in c;ood low Dutch, of Virginia, 
New Netherland, New Kngland, and the islands 
of Bermuda, Barbadoes, and St. Christopher. 
It is embellished with figures on copper, and 
was offered to the public as a useful work tor 
those who had business thither, or who were 
about to become settlers in those new and dis- 
tant colonies. 

According to G. M. .-^sher, the most fre- 
qucntlv quoted authority upon the subject of 
prints, maps ani charts relating to New Am- 
sterdam, the drawing from which Hartgers en- 
graved his plate was probably brought over by 
the New Netherland deputies in 1649 ; hut we 



Befchrijvinghei3 

Van 

VIRGINIA, 

Nieuw Engelandt, 

B E R M U D E S, 

Berbados, en S.ChriftofFeL 

ban nimbi Cfdonien. 
tMet kopere Figuren ijerciertj% 




t' AMSTERDAM, 

appJoosTHARTGERs, SSoecft-bCTfioopcc op Den 55am/ bcjpftm 't ^t^t-Swpf / 
oplxi)(KcftbanI>«]SiaHjer-flcart/hiJtt25o»ft-toincfifl/ Anao 165 u 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

incline to disagree with him in this conclusion 
for the reason that the picture exhibits no struc- 
tures of any sort within the fort and it is a 
matter of record that a church was erected in 
that enclosure in 1643. Asher's explanation 
that the view was taken from a great distance, 
and that the walls of the fort hid the buildings 
is not entirely satisfactory, inasmuch as it is a 
sort of bird's-eye view with which we are pre- 
sented, and we can see within the enclosure, 
which is destitute of buildings. The Church of 
St. Nicholas was no inconspicuous object. Its 
roof towered up above the walls of the fort, 
and would be visible as far as the barriers 
themselves. In every subsequent picture of 
New Amsterdam, until the destruction of the 
edifice, the Chapel in the Fort dommatcs the 
landscape. Therefore we lean to the belief that 
Hartgers's picture, if authentic, depicts the 
infant settlement at an earlier period in its 
history than the year 1643. 

This important little print, which measures 
only 4^x354^ inches, is entitled "t'Fort nieuw 
Amsterdam op de Manhatans," and will be 
found on page 21 of the '* HBffc^riftlingtje toan 
JSirginta, jl^icuto j^eoerlanot, etc./' published by 
Joost Hartgers at Amsterdam in 1 651, inserted 

33 



NEW AMSTERDAM 



in the text of the tenth chapter, which treats of 
the appearance of the country and describes the 
manners of the people living at the mouth of 
the " Great River of the Mountains," first dis- 
covered by Hendrick Hudson in 1609. The 
book also contains a Map of Virginia, Nieuw 
Nederlandt, Nieuw Engelandt, and part of 
Nova Francia, and five copper plates, well en- 
graved for the period, which illustrate the dress, 
customs and habits of the aborigines of this 
part of North America. 

1651-1656 

The second view of the town of New 
Amsterdam according to our previously cited 
authority is one which bears the title of "Nieuw 
Amsterdam op t'Eylant Manhattans" (i2^x 
2J{) and is printed at the foot of a map 
(21^x181^) of "Novi Belgii Novaeque Ang- 
liae nee non partis Virginiae Tabula multis in 
locis emendata a Nicolao Joannis Vischero." 
Mr. Asher fails, however, to assign an exact 
date to this production, but places it between 
the years 1650 and 1656, which latter year is 
the known date of Van der Donck's map. 
Mr. Frederick Muller of Amsterdam, a student 
and collector of maps, charts, etc., of New 

34 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

Netherland, disagrees with Mr. Asher, and ex- 
presses the opinion that the map of Van der 
Donck preceded that of Nicolas J. Visscher. 

The map of Nicolas J. Visscher, accord- 
ing to Asher, is of the greatest rarity ; only two 
copies were known to him, one of which was 
in the Royal Library at the Hague, A second 
edition of N. J. Visscher's map, with the view, 
which is conjectured to be the old plate re- 
touched, with a number of additions, was issued 
by N. Visscher in his "Atlas Minor "'=" (four vol- 
umes folio) published at Amsterdam circa, 1690. 

The Dutch navigators of the seventeenth 
century were well provided with elaborate maps 
and charts of every known quarter of the earth, 
many of them tinted with all the colors of the 
rainbow, and occasionally rendered still more 
sumptuous in appearance by having the colors 
heightened with gold. Among these remarka- 
ble examples of the art of map making may be 
mentioned the "Atlas Minor, (Collectione 
AUardine) " in two volumes folio published at 
Amsterdam by Abraham Allard, no date. The 
" Zee Atlas " of Peter Goos, Amsterdam, 1669 f 
and the voluminous atlases of the Blaeu 

* The New York Historical Society, 
f The Andrews Collection. 

35 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

family ''' published at Amsterdam 1 640-70, 
under the various titles of " Grooten Atlas oft 
Werelt," " Geographia Blauiana," and the 
" Nieuwe Atlas," extending to as many as nine 
huge folio volumes. Somewhat to our surprise 
copies of these seventeenth century Dutch maps 
are to be found in as fine and fresh condition 
as when they were issued. Their unwieldy 
proportions appear to have been their safeguard 
and salvation. 

In this map of N. Visscher the menagerie of 
wild beasts and birds, which in Van der Donck's 
map are confined to one corner of the plate, 
are dispersed over the entire province. The 
village of the Minisink savages, a prominent 
feature in all these early charts, embellishes the 
left-hand side of the map. This Indian name 
is said by Charles E. Stickney in his history of 
the Minisink region to signify a people living 
in a low tract of land from which the water had 
been drained — an allusion to the legendary 
belief that the valley along the Delaware River 
had once formed the bottom of a vast lake, 
from which the waters finally escaped by break- 
ing through the mountains at a place now 
known as the Delaware Water Gap. 

* The Lenox Library 
36 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 
1656 

" NiEuw Amsterdam op t' Eylant 
Manhattans " 

This engraving, which is the earliest copy, if 
it be a copy, of N. J. Visscher's view, is found 
in the " Beschryvinge van Nieuvv-Nederlant, 
etc," by Adriaen vander Donck,* pubHshed 
by Evert Nieuwenhof. Amsterdam, 1656. 

The seven pages of prefatory matter which 
this Httle quarto contains — The License, Dedi- 
cation, Address to the Reader, etc. — concKide 
with three verses of low Dutch poetry, which 
have been thus translated : 

" on the patrons and the history of 
new-netherlands " 

" Still AmsteTs faithful Burgher- Lords do live^ 
IVho East and West extend their faithful care ; 

To lands and men good laws they wisely give^ 
That like the beasts ran wild in open air. 

* Adriaen Van der Donck was *' a free citizen of Breda," and a grad- 
uate of the University of Leyden. In 1 641 he was appointed Sheriff 
of Rensselaerswyck. In 1647 he removed to the Manhattans, where 
he died in the year 1655, leaving to his wife the colony of Colen- 
Donck or Yonkers, which derives its name from Jonkheer " or gentle- 
man, a Dutch title of courtesy." (Abridged from O'Callaghan's bio- 
graphical notice of Van der Donck. ) 

37 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

IVith aged care Holland's gardens still they save — 
And in New Netherlands their men will ne'er be 
slaves. 

Why mourn about Brazil^ full of base Portuguese P 
When Vander Donck shows so far much better fare, 

Where wheat fills golden ears,, and grapes abound in 
trees ; 
Where fruit and kine are good with little care; 

Men may mourn a loss., when vain would be their voice.. 
But ivhen their loss brings gain., they also may rejoice. 

Then., reader., if you will., go freely there to live., 
We name it Netherland., though it excels it far ; 

If you dislike the voyage., pray due attention give., 

To Vander Donck., his book., which as a leading star.. 

Directs toward the land where many people are.. 

Where lowland love and laws all may freely share." 

Evert Nieuwenhof 

The ''^ first edition of Van der Donck (1655) 
has at page 9 a copy of the Hartgers plate. This 
edition contains no map. The second edition 
(1656) has a map of Nova Belgica at page i, 
12x7^ inches in size, with the view of Nieuw 
Amsterdam opt'Eylant Manhattans in the lower 
right-hand corner. In his conclusion, from 
which we differ, that Visscher's Map is the 

* The Lenox Library. 

38 



Beschryvinge 

NIEUVV-NEDERLANT» 

Begriipende de Nature, Aert , gelegentheytenvruchtbaerheyt 

?an hetfelve Landt; mitfgaders de proffijtelijcke ende gewenfte toevallen , die 
aldaercot onderhoudt der Mcnfchen , (foouyc haer felven als van buyteninge- 
bracht) gevonden worden. Als mcde demaniere en ongemeyue Eygenfchap- 
pen vandeWilden ofte Naturdlen vanden Landc. Ende een b^fonder verhaei 
vanden wonderlijckea Aert ende het Weefen der B E V E R b. 
Doer noch by-gevoe^ht it 

Cen <©ifc(mtfi(ober be ge Ifgrntljcpt uan Nieuw Nederlandr, 

tUffc.lwnccnNedcrlandts Patriot, mOCCCn Nieuw Nederlandcr. 
Befchrevm doer 

A D R I A E N vander D O N C K, 
Beyder Recliten Do£fcoor , die tegenvoordigli 

boch in Nieuw-Nederlandt is. 
En hia achter by gevoeght 

Bet boo^ttttliog laegiemcnc tJatiDe <eD: #oo0. Scj^tbart 
^tzim He J^ccrcn 23ucacrmce|t£rni D^cr ^ttlai 

bCtceffenOe De fahen ban Nieuw Nedcrlandc. 

23m tweeden 'Druck, 

Meteenpertinent Kaert]e van'tzelve Landt versierl;, 
ca van vecl druck-fouten gefuyvert. 




t'A E M S T E L D A M, 

25p EvertKieuwenhof, '^^OCf H-Dtrhoopcr / tDOOUCnOPOp 

'tauJIanDt / in t ^cf)?iif-bocc& /Anno 1655. 

Met Privil^e voor 15 Jareo. 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

earlier one, Asher regards Van der Donck's en- 
graving as simply a reduced copy of Visscher's. 

In this picture the windmill and flag-staff at 
the lower extremity of the island, the church 
in the fort, and the gallows and swinging gib- 
bet on the " Waal " or water side, constitute the 
bulk of the picture. There were, in fact, no 
other prominent features in the landscape except 
the isolated town tavern, in the eastern out- 
skirts of the straggling settlement. The town 
at this date contained one hundred and twenty 
houses, and the population numbered scarcely 
one thousand souls, including the garrison. A 
century later the houses had increased to about 
two thousand, and the population to between 
thirteen and fifteen thousand. 

Of this second view of New Amsterdam there 
are five early engravings on copper (either copies 
or " restrikes ") known to the writer — viz. : first, 
that of Van der Donck, in the second edition of 
his work ; second, that of Hugo AUard on his 
first map ; third, on map of N. Visscher ; fourth, 
on map of Justo Danckers ; fifth, on map of 
Johan Baptista Homan. The titles vary on both 
maps and views, and there are topographical 
changes in the maps, but the picture of New Am- 
sterdam remains identically the same throughout. 

39 



NEW AMSTERDAM 
1664 

" The Duke's Plan " 

So named by Dr. George H. Moore, who 
claimed to have discovered the original manu- 
script in the British Museum. This plan does 
not come legitimately within a list of Views of 
New York, although it is of an unusually pic- 
torial character for a map. It is, however, of 
too much interest in connection with our sub- 
ject to be passed by unnoticed. 

The Duke's Plan is 27x21 inches in size, and 
brilliantly colored, if, as we presume to be the 
case, the lithograph made by George Hayward, 
in 1859, for D. T. Valentine's " Manual " is a 
facsimile of the copy of the original made for 
Dr. Moore. The plan is dated 1664 and bears 
the following title : 

" A Description of the Towne of Mannados, 
or New Amsterdam as it was in September. 
1664, lying in latitude 40 de and 40 min." 

The facsimile made for Dr. Moore is certified 
by the officials of the British Museum to be an 
exact copy of the original in every particular. 
In the much reduced copy of this plan which 
forms our frontispiece the colors of the litho- 
graph have been faithfully followed. 

40 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 
I 67 I 

" Novum Amsterodamum " 

This engraving will be found inserted in the 
text on folio 124 of the 

" Beschryving van Amerika 

door 

Arnoldus Montanus 

f Amsterdam by lacoh Meurs, i6yi 

This picture might be taken for a copy of the 
drawing said to have been made in 1650 by 
Laurens Hermansz Block on board the ship 
" Lydia," which was supposed to have hung in 
the home office of the Dutch West India Com- 
pany and is now in possession of the New York 
Historical Society, the gift of C. E. Detmold, 
Esq. A shadow of doubt, however, has been 
thrown upon the genuineness of this production. 

It has been suggested that the original of the 
engraving in Montanus may be the drawing 
made by Augustine Herremans, ensign of the 
Burgher's camp, a draftsman of some ability, 
and one of the nine men. Of this sketch of 
the embryo city the following account is given 
in the collection of documents relating to the 

41 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

Colonial History of New York, published at 
Albany in 1883 (page 486, Volume XIV): 

" Honorable, Wise, Prudent and Very Wor- 
shipful Gentlemen 

" After closing our letter the Burgomasters 
have shown us the plan of the City, which we 
did not think would be ready before the sailing 
of this Ship. In case you should be inclined to 
have it engraved and publish it, we thought it 
advisable to send you also a small sketch of the 
City drawn in perspective by Sieur Augustin 
Heermans, three or four years ago, or perhaps 
you will hang it up in some place or the other 
there. For the present we have no other wish 
than that the place may gradually increase. 

" October sixth, 1660." 

This drawing by Augustine Herremans is 
also claimed by some to be the original of the 
view upon Van der Donck's map, which would 
reduce the number of views of New Amster- 
dam executed between the years 1651 and 
1673 to two, and the fact that the windmill, 
flag-staff, church, gallows-tree and swinging 
gibbet are still as prominent features of the 
landscape in the Montanus picture as they are 

41 




]■> 1 t-3j3c- 'ac-i 



J Romnrr fculp 



XTifrkril>i>rb-i- BuoK ]\ . Oaii.. 



ff>Rl.li:aLl EY J.'i HIT I-IlTfR/A ^JLEEM^J^.tC. ' TT'.tET. TSE.t.ie;;« 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

in the views of Visscher and Van der Donck 
lends an air of plausibility to this supposition. 

Diedrich Knickerbocker in his History of 
New York devotes a page of that famous and 
veracious chronicle to a description of the two 
instruments of punishment which are so con- 
spicuously displayed in these early pictures of 
our city : 

" About this time (he writes) may we date 
the first introduction of capital punishment ; a 
goodly gallows being erected on the water side 
about where Whitehall stairs are at present, a 
little to the east of the Battery. Hard by also 
was erected another gibbet of a very strange, 
uncouth and unmatchable description, but on 
which the ingenious William Kieft valued him- 
self not a little, being a punishment entirely of 
his own invention. 

" It was for loftiness of altitude not a whit in- 
ferior to that of Haman, so renowned in Bible 
history ; but the marvel of the contrivance was 
that the culprit, instead of being suspended by 
the neck, according to venerable custom, was 
hoisted by the waistband, and was kept for an 
hour together dangling and sprawling between 
heaven and earth, to the infinite entertainment 
and, doubtless, great edification of the multitude 

43 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

of respectable citizens who usually attend upon 
exhibitions of the kind." 

It was a charming landscape that saluted the 
eyes of Mynheer Block from the deck of the 
ship "Lydia," if in truth he had the good fortune 
to be there, as has been stoutly asserted, in the 
year 1650. The church of Saint Nicholas lifted 
its long sloping double roof of blue tinted 
^'■wooden slate'' above the gray stone walls of 
the fort, from the foot of which the greensward 
shaded with trees sloped away to the water's edge 
on the North River side, while on the East 
River shore a group of red-tiled, one-and-a- 
half-storied houses nestled in fancied security 
under the guns of that pretentious defensive 
work. To balance the picture and furnish a 
foreground, a couple of high-pooped, long- 
beaked Dutch trading vessels rode quietly at 
anchor in the harbor and swung lazily to the tide. 
Surely the Island of Manhattan has never com- 
posed itself so well for pictorial purposes, or 
offered so satisfactory a prospect to the eye of the 
artist as when it was in this " its first cradle sleep 
on sea weed laid." 

The following particulars in relation to the 
fort — the principal land-mark of our citv for 
one hundred and fifty years — are supplied by 

44 



1^ «^ "Iv J ^-f" 




5 J^^^^^llf t^i|5?^iH^^ 




NEW AMSTERDAM 



" Goodrich's Picture of New York," a useful, 
but not entirely reliable, little guide-book of 
the city published in 1825-1828 : 

" It would appear, from the discovery of a 
great number of red cedar pallisadoes under the 
foundation of the old fort in 1791, that the first 
fort was only stockadoes, perhaps with Block 
Houses. The time when it was built of stone 
cannot be ascertained by any old Dutch account, 
but it was probably in a few years after i 623. It 
was a good stone fort when the English took it 
in 1664. It had forty-two guns, mostly brass, 
twelve and eighteen pounders, very neatly cast. 
Part of these were lent on the expedition against 
Louisburgh in 1758, and were never returned, 
and it is not known what became of them. The 
houses, chapel and barracks [within the fort] 
were repaired in 1693 and 1726. The buildings 
while standing were always the residence ot the 
governor and the fort was most of the time gar- 
risoned by a company of independent regular 
soldiers; in their absence the militia did duty. 
The fort cost 4,172 guilders." 

In the inscription on the Plan of New York 
City made by John Montresor in 1775, a copy of 
which will be found in the Appendix, we are fur- 
nished with an accurate account of the fort pre- 

46 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

pared by a competent military engineer. Mon- 
tresor virtually condemned the structure, 
considered it more of a menace than a means of 
defence to the city, and regarded its construction 
as nothing more nor less than a huge and cor- 
rupt corporation job, " intended more for Profit 
and Form than Defence." 

1671 

"Novum Amsterodamum " 

6^x5 

This print will be found at foHo 171 of Ogil- 
by's " America," published in London, 1671. 
The engraving is a "restrike," as the whole book 
is a plagiarism (probably authorized) of the work 
of Montanus just described. It was issued in the 
same year, but the license to print was granted 
to Montanus on July 28th, 1670. Owing to 
the fact that this engraving was thus made to 
serve a double purpose, it is the most commonly 
met with of all the early views of New Amster- 
dam, especially the print from Ogilby's clumsy 
folio volume — the more undesirable of the 
two, as it is simply an impression from the 
plate used by Montanus after it had become 
considerably the worse for wear. 

47 



NEW AMSTERDAM 
1673-169O 

The View on Hugo Allard's Second Map 

In his " Bibliographical and Historical Es- 
say on Dutch Books and Pamphlets relating to 
New Netherland," Mr. Asher reproduces this 
view at the head of his list of names, copied, as 
he informs us, from the second map of Hugo 
Allard. He states that it is most probably the 
work of the celebrated artist, Romeyn de 
Hooghe,'-' and represents the recapture of New 
Amsterdam by the Dutch in the year 1673, 
from which time until its restoration to the 
English in the fall of 1674, the town was 
called New Orange in honor of the reigning 
Prince of Orange. In this engraving the flag- 
staff and the church in the fort remain, but 
the windmill at the southern extremity of the 
fort and the gallows on the East River shore 
are conspicuous by their absence. 

According to Asher this Hugo Allard 
view is found upon five other maps — namely 

* Romeyn de Hooghe, a noted and prolific Dutch engraver, was born 
at the Hague about the year 1638 and died in Holland about 1718. He 
engraved the illustrations in an edition of La Fontaine's "Contes et Nou- 
velles " published at Amsterdam in 1685 ; also the plates in "L'Hept- 
ameron de Marguerite de Valois," and in the " Contes de Bocace," Am- 
sterdam 1698 and 1697. All well known works among bibliophiles. 

48 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

the first and second maps of Carolus Allard, the 
map of Joachim Ottens, of Renier and Josua 
Ottens, and (a poorly engraved copy) on the 
map of Tob. Conr. Lotter. To this Hst we add 
the view upon the map pubHshed by Matthew 
Seutter, not mentioned by Asher. 

This panoramic view of New York 
(14^x2^) ornaments the foot of a map 
22x19^4^ inches, which bears the following title: 
" Novi Belgii in America Septentrionali siti 
delineatio, cura et sumtibus Matthaei Seutteri 
Sac Caes Maj Geographi August Vind, s. 1. s. a." 

Although Asher does not appear to have met 
with this map of Seutter, in the writer's experi- 
ence it is not of exceptional rarity. The stock- 
aded Indian villages are prominently displayed 
upon this map, and it is dotted profusely with 
figures of strange and uncouth birds, beasts 
and nondescripts which were palmed off by 
those early travelers upon their credulous kins- 
folk at home as wonders of creation indigenous 
to this newly discovered land. 

All the prominent buildings and places on 
this long, narrow view are lettered, and a key 
in Latin supplies an index to the various lo- 
calities displayed. It begins with " Fort Or- 
ange " and ends with the " East River," " which 

49 



NEW AMSTERDAM 



runs between the island of Manhattan and Long 
Island." The warHke appearance of the pic- 
ture is supposed to be suppHed by the com- 
pany of soldiers which marches along the river 
front, the cannon mounted upon the East River 
docks, and by the puff of smoke which issues 
from the mouth of the solitary gun, visible 
upon the parapet of the fort. 

The following account of the recapture of 
New York is furnished by Sir N. C. Lam- 
brechtsen in his " History of the New Nether- 
lands ": 

" Captain Cornelius Evertsen, son of the vice- 
admiral of the same name who fell in battle, 
being in the latter part of the year 1672 de- 
spatched by the states and admiralty of Zea- 
land with a small fleet to the West Indies, steered 
towards the English Colony in Virginia, where 
he took and burned a number of vessels. Meet- 
ing at Martinique a small squadron of four men 
of war, sent to sea by the admiralty of Amster- 
dam under the command of Commodore Jacob 
Binkes, he united with it taking a large num- 
ber of English and French vessels. 

" And now Evertsen and Binkes steered for 
New Netherlands. The City of New York was 
provided with forty pieces of cannon, but the 




Vice«A-(DL]iiMra,auLvaijnL/^eelaiiiaL em^ . 




Is TlRlCX tVi,«.'. 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

Governor was absent, so that confusion took 
place, and the conquest was made without great 
opposition. 

" Every seaport was taken and ere long the 
whole colony, to which by the conqueror, the 
ancient name of New Netherlands was restored. 
This happened on the 9th of August, of the 
year 1673." 

This second Hugo Allard view is also, 
we are confident, the original of the view 
engraved by P. Mortier ; of the two views 
in Carolus Allard's collection ; of the small en- 
graving on map of P. Schenck ; and of the 
print entitled " New Amsterdam, a small City 
on Manhattan Island, New Holland," so that 
we have at least eleven reproductions of this 
engraving of the city issued prior to the 
middle of the eighteenth century. They differ 
only in the number and location of the ships 
and in the treatment of the foreground. 

Whether the date of 1 673 assigned to the view 
on Hugo Allard's second map be true or ficti- 
tious, this picture of New Amsterdam is appar- 
ently the last engraving from an original draw- 
ing produced by the Dutch. Naturally, after 
the final loss of the city in 1674 the interest of 
the Hollander in it would abate somewhat, and 

5» 



CHAPTER III 




CHAPTER III 

ENGRAVINGS EXECUTED FROM THE YEAR 
1700 TO THE YEAR I793 

1700 ? 

"NiEu Amsterdam" 
ioi4;x8 

N the left of the inscription " Pet. 
Schenck," on the right "Amstel. 
C. P. No. 92." Size (as given 
by Asher), 8 inches high by lo 
broad. Asher, from whose Hst 
of views of New Amsterdam the above inscrip- 
tion is copied, states that this is the only sepa- 
rate view of New Amsterdam that he had ever 
seen. He calls it a copy of Allard's engraving, 
and informs us that: "Like all other engrav- 
ings of Schenck, this one was executed between 
the years 1690 and 1700, and most likely was 

57 




NEW AMSTERDAM 

published in some of the various collections of 
views of different cities published by him." 
This print bears the following inscription : 

Nieu Amsterdam, een stede- Amstelodamum recens postea 

ken in Noord Amer'tkaes / Nieu Anglis illud possidentibus / dic- 

Hollant, op het Eilant Manhat- turn Eboracum no--vum Hol- 

tan namaels Nieu-Tork ge- landiae no--vce, id est America, 

naemt, toen het geraekte int Mexican^e si've Septentrionalis 

gebiet der Engelschen. oppidulum. 

1705 

" Nieu Amsterdam " 
2x1 ^ 

This miniature view is a poorly engraved 
and very much reduced copy of the AUard 
print. It occupies the upper left-hand corner 
of a small map, 6^x2^, entitled " Batavo- 
rum Colonise Occident Indis Septentrionalis 
Americ^e implantatae," which forms a section 
of a large map of Holland, published by P. 
Schenck in 1705. (lo. Baptista Sculp.) 

1717 

"A South Prospect of ye Flourishing City 

OF New York in the Province of 

New York in North America" 

6 feet 3^ inches x 20 inches 

Wm. Burgis, New York, 17 17 

This plate is dedicated to " His Excellency 

5« 



-V£-- > 




NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

Robert Hunter, Esq., Captain General and 
Governor in Chief of the Provinces of New 
York, New Jersey and Territories depending 
thereon in America and Vice General of the 
same, by his Most Humble and Obedient Ser- 
vant, Wm. Burgis, 1717." 

This engraving was reissued in 1746, with 
the following inscription : " To His Excellency 
George Clinton, Esq., Capt. General and Gov- 
ernor in Chief of y^ Province of New York 
and Territories thereon depending in America, 
Vice Admiral of the same and Vice Admiral of 
the White Squadron of his Majesty's Fleet. 
London, Printed and sold by Tho. Bakewell 
Map and Print Seller against Birchin Lane in 
Cornhill, where Merchants and others may be 
supplied with all sorts of Maps, Prints & 
Pictures at the lowest prices. Published March 
25th, 1746." 

At the foot of the engraving is the following 
account of the discovery of the colony and its 
history down to 1717 : 

"Captain Henry Hudson discovered this 
Countrey An" 1609 and sold it to y^ Holland- 
ers & Letters Patents being granted to some 
Merch" by y' States a Colony was settled An° 
1614, called New Netherland. But S' Samuel 

59 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

Argal, Governour of Virginia gave them dis- 
turbance ere thev were warm in their Quarters, 
however upon application to King James, he 
permitted them to build some Cottages, for the 
Entertainment of Shipping that came for Water, 
under which umbrage they build Towns, and 
fortifie them, and upon expectation of a Gover- 
nour from Amsterdam, they refuse to pay the 
accostomed Tribute & declare themselves and 
the Mercht' of Amsterdam sole Proprietors, 
which being complained of by King Charles 
1st by his Embassador to the States at The 
Hague they by Publick Instrument declare it 
was only a private undertaking of some Mer- 
chants of Amsterdam. Then Commissions 
being granted by King Charles for settling 
Colonys to the Southward, & to the North- 
ward of them, they declare themselves willing 
to depart and leave all they had upon condition 
of the payment of ^^"2500, but the troubles in 
England soon after breaking out they recee'd 
from their first proposals, and begin to strengthen 
themselves, by all possible means. Thus affairs 
stood till after y*" Restauration of King Charles 
ye 2"^ who being informed of his Right, resolved 
to seize on it, and accordingly it was recovered 
by S', Robert Car, those of the Inhabitants y' 

60 



^^.x<t;$.».^4r^g*^:^^yK»^'^X4-Y^^^^ 




Ci^^/t- C^- '^i/>y 7'^^-<^l/^<^ 'f^r 




r-tt^y^(^:i:Jj<4*^•;-•_J^j^_•<;^2g5(•-^r'r- ■* ♦. ■■ . <«^/^~//.,,: 







^Mm^ji-'^rXlX:^^ v.-.vv^v;s:^,:.v^v.av^k^JL^±^. ny '^c^'^^^xM:^^.^^:^^^^:^:;^^^^ 



' J,,o,,-'/<^A. //60/.(^/(ci//'O/^ 






rM-^m '^^-'i ii 




uA. 






►^^^-<%Z/ 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

remained taking Oath of fidelity to the King of 
England, the other have Liberty to remove with 
all their Effects. Now begins New Netherland 
to lose it's name, for His Majesty having con- 
ferr'd by Patent upon his Royal Highness all 
acquisitions made upon Foreigners. His Royal 
Highness apointed CoUonel Nicholls Gover- 
nour who chang'd the Names of some of the 
Principal places and concluded a League be- 
tween y= Inhabitants & the Indians & in y' year 
1 676, upon conclusion of y' War with the Dutch 
they had Surinam made over to them by the 
Treaty, as an equivalent for new York. The 
Province of new York is divided into 10 Coun- 
ties, y' City one, then Albany, Ulster, Dutch- 
ess, Orange, Kings, Queens, Suffolk, Chester 
and Richmond. Y^ City of New York is 
builded on a point of land & is well Scituate, 
having a Fortification on y' West & is in ye 
Lat 41° 40^° Long. 74° 30^' in a good Air. The 
Province abounds with all Necessarys of Life 
and hath a Governour, Council & General As- 
sembly, the City hath a Mayor, Alderman & 
Sheriff & is under the Regulation of the Eng- 
lish Laws, and Customs. The Trade of this 
City in a few Yeares is become almost Univer- 
sal, her Merchants having Extended their Com- 

61 



NEW AMSTERDAM 



merce to most parts ot y" known World. The 
Harbour is capable of Ships of ye greatest bur- 
thens & very secure lying 12 miles from y' Sea 
having great convenience of Buildings of Ships 
& vast Quantities of fine Timber in the ad- 
jacent Woods." 

This is believed to be the first view of New 
York engraved in America and it is undoubt- 
edly an entirelv original production. The 
importance of this engraving in the pictorial an- 
nals of our city cannot well be over-estimated. 
It is beyond question an accurate representation 
of the place it claims to depict and in the key 
at the foot of the print, given herewith, is em- 
braced the name of every building of note of 
which the city at that time could boast : 



I 


The Fort 


7 


Part of Long Island 


2 


The Chappel in the 


8 


The Lower Market 




Fort 


9 


The Crane 


3 


The Secretarie's Of- 


10 


The Great Flesh 




fice 




Market 


4 


The Great Dock 


1 1 


The City Arms sup- 




with a bridge over it 




ported by Peace 


5 


The Ruins of White- 


12 


The Dutch Church 




hall, built by Gov- 


13 


The English Church 




ernour Duncan 


14 


The City Hall 




[Dongan' 


15 


The Exchange 


6 


Part of Nutten Is- 


16 


The P'rench Church 




land 


'7 


Upper Market 



6x 




• y(> //ic J( (>/n>(//'a/)/c 



HIP \A\ DAM.}..,/ 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

1 8 The Station Ship 23 a Pen for Oxen and 

1 9 From A to A Warf Cattel designed for 

20 The Arms of the the Markett 

Province supported 24 Collonell M o r r i s's 
by Plenty ••' Fancy " turning 

21 Warfs for Building to Windward with 

Ships a Sloop of common 

22 Ferry House on Long mould 

Island Side 

Copies of both the original engraving by Bur- 
gis (the only one known to the writer) and of 
the plate as reissued by Bakewell are In the col- 
lections of the New York Historical Society, and 
a copy of the Bakewell print, in poor condition, 
is also owned by the New York Society Library. 

1732 

The " New Dutch Church " 

13^x9^ 
Engraved by William Burgis 
Inscription — " This Church was founded 
A.D. 1728 and finished A.D. 173 1, and is in 
length 100 feet, in Breadth 78 feet. The Rev"* 
Mr. Walter Du Bois and Mr. Henry Buel 
Ministers." 

Dedication — " To the Hon'''^ Rip Van Dam 
Esq' President of His Majesty's Council for the 
Province of New York this View of the New 

63 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

Dutch Church is most humbly dedicated by your 
Honour's most Obedient Srv* Wm. Burgis." 

In addition to this and the preceding plate 
Wm. Burgis engraved a view of Harvard Col- 
lege in 1726. A view of Castle William in the 
Harbour of Boston executed about the same 
period is also attributed to him. These prints 
are, so far as known, the earliest examples extant 
of copperplate engraving in this country. 

1733 
" New York " 

io>^X4% 

This view is found in a large collection of 
maps of the British Empire in America with 
the French and Spanish settlements adjacent 
thereto, by Henry Popple. Engraved by Wm. 
Henry Toms, London, 1733. It is probably 
copied after the Burgis print. The resemblance 
is indeed so close as to ad nit of little doubt upon 
this point. 

In addition to this view of New York these 
maps contain pictures of the Falls of Niagara 
and the cities of Mexico and Quebec. 

The view of New York appears to have 
been published separately from, as well as upon 
the map. 

64 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 
I761 

" The South Prospect of the City of New 
York in America" 
20^^x6 

This is a large folding plate engraved for the 
London Magazine, 1761. Views of Philadel- 
phia and Charleston, similar in size and char- 
acter, were also published in the same periodical. 

This engraving (although not an exact copy) 
appears to be based upon the Burgis print. The 
key to the plate is identical with that upon the 
Burgis print, even to the pointing out of Colonel 
Morris's yacht " Fancy " turning to windward. 
The accompanying description of the city in the 
pages of the magazine is taken from Smith's 
History of New York, being an abstract from 
the full account of the city by that author as 
given in our appendix. 

1766-7 

"A South West View of the City of New 

York Taken From Gouvenour's 

Island at*" 

"Tho' Kitchin sculp', Eng' to his Late Royal 

Highness the Duke of York." 

* The Star refers to one upon the plan to which the view is appended 
which marks the exact spot from which the picture was taken. 

65 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

" London, Published according to Act of Par- 
liament January 12, 1776 by Jeffreys & Faden 
Cor. of St. Martin's Lane Charing Cross." 

This view, (see page 60) 34x7^ inches, or- 
naments the bottom of a plan of the City of 
New York in North America which measures 
46^x34 inches surveyed in the years 1766—7 
by B. Ratzer, Lieutenant in -His Majesty's 
60th or Royal American Regiment. It is ded- 
icated to " His Excellency Sir Henry Moore 
Bart Cap' General and Gov' in Chief in and 
over His Majesty's Provinces in New York." 

This is a fine line-and-stipple engraving and 
forms an interesting and beautiful picture of the 
city, taken from an unusual point of view. 

1768 
" A South West View of the City of New 
York in North America." 
19^x12^ 
" Vue de Sud Quest de la Ville de New York, 
dans I'Amerique Septentrionale." Drawn on 
the spot by Capt. Thomas Howdell, of the 
royal artillery. Engraved by P. Canot. Lon- 
don, printed for John Bowles at No. 13 in 
Cornhill, Robert Sayer at No. ^^ ^" Fleet Street, 
Thos. Jefferys the corner of St. Martin's Lane 

66 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

in the Strand, Carrington Bowles at No. 69 in 
St. Paul's Church Yard, and Henry Parker at 
No. 82 in Cornhill. 

1 The Harbor 4 Long Island 

2 Nutting Island 5 Rutgers College 

3 Staten Island 6 South River 

7 Brew House 

1768 

" A South East View of the City of New 

York, in North America." 

" Vue de Sud Est de la Ville de New York, 
dans TAmerique Septentrionale." Drawn on the 
spot by Capt. Thomas Howdell, of the royal ar- 
tillery. Engraved by P. Canot. London, printed 
for John Bowles at No. 13 in Cornhill, Robert 
Sayer at No. ^2 ^^ Fleet Street, Thos. Jeffreys 
the corner of St. Martin's Lane in the Strand, 
Carrington Bowles at No. 69 in St. Paul's Church 
Yard, and Henry Parker at No. 82 in Cornhill, 

1 New Colledge 4 French Church 

2 Old English Church 5 North River 

3 Citv Hall 6 Staten Island 

7 The Prison 

At lower right corner, close to the engraving, 
is b.4. 

67 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

1772 

" Kalm's (Peter) Reize " 

O /q.X^ '/i^ UPRIGHT 

The Utrecht edition of Peter Kalm's account 
of his visit to this country contains a frontispiece 
engraved on copper in which are four small cir- 
cular views (one in each corner of the plate) of 
New York, Philadelphia, Montreal and Quebec. 
They are not of sufficient importance to be men- 
tioned here except for the fact that they are 
connected with the writings of this noted Swed- 
ish traveler, whose book has been an authority 
with our local historians for generations past. 

1776 

" A View of new York, Governor's Island, 

the River, etc., from Long Island" 

6 7<X4 

" Published as the Act directs by A. Hamilton 

Jun' near St. John's Gate, November i, 1776." 

1776? 

" A South View of the City of New York 

in North America " 

7x3^ 
This picture is taken from the same point of 
view as the above, and resembles it closely, ex- 
es 




'-771- UTREICHT />y Jv SchoouhoveD U Comp. . /^ (t a- de BrinI '/ 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

cept that the body of troops which is seen 
parading in the hollow ground below the Rut- 
gers Mansion, in the engraving published by 
Hamilton, is not here introduced. Both these 
prints are very similar to the large southwest 
view by Howdell/-' 

1777 
" The Atlantic Neptune " 
By Barres (Joseph F. W. Des) 
Published according to act of Parliament in 
1777, for the use of the navy. 

A magnificent collection of large maps and 
charts, embracing the following colored engrav- 
ings of New York and vicinity : 

1 A view of the Highlands of Navesink. 

2 South shore of Long Island, ten leagues 
eastward of Sandy Hook. 

3 New York, with the entrance to the North 
and East Rivers. 

4 The Light House on Sandy Hook. 

5 The Narrows (between Red and Yellow 
Hook on Long Island and the East Bluff of 
Staten Island bearing S. b W.). 

* A list of Views of old New York, kindly furnished by Mr. Joseph F. 
Sabin, includes several different copies of the View published by Hamilton, 
which, it is stated, are reductions from a picture in " Scenographia Ameri- 
cana," published at London in 1760-1768. Engraved by P. Sandby and 
others — a work with which the author is not familiar. 

69 



NEW AMSTERDAM 
1778 

"East View of Hell Gate in the Province 
OF New York " 
Engraved for the London Magazine, 1778. 

1780? 

" A South West View of the City of New 

York in North America " 

i6}<^xio5s 
J. Carwitham, Sculp., London, n. d. 

Printed for Bowles & Carrer, No. 69 St. 
Paul's Church Yard. 

This is the most picturesque of all the larger 
views of New York which still exhibit the fort. 
The print is to be found both'^' plain and f col- 
ored. A companion picture by the same en- 
graver, and issued by the same publisher, is en- 
titled : " A Southeast View of the City of Bos- 
ton in North America." 

1788 

" A South West View of Fort George with 

THE City of New York" 

83^x53, 

The same view as the one by Carwitham just 

* The Huntington Collection, Metropolitan Museum of Art. 
t The Andrews Collection. 

70 




us 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

described, but on a smaller scale. It was pub- 
lished in William Russell's History of the War 
in America. London, 1788. 

1789 

" The Federal Hall in Wall Street in 

1789" 

S. Hill, Sculp. 
Engraved for the Massachusetts Magazine. 
June, 1789. 

1789 

" View of the Federal Edifice in New 

York " 

Engraved for the Columbian Magazine. 
Philadelphia, August, 1789. 

1790 ? 

" View OF New York about 1790 Showing 

Side View of the Great House Built 

FOR President Washington " 

Colored Engraving 
21X15 

This is a most interesting picture and the 
only eighteenth century engraving of which the 
writer is cognizant that affords a view of the 
Battery and Government House as seen from 
the water. 

71 



NEW AMSTERDAM 



I 790-1 

List of Local Views 
Magazine " : 

1 The Belvedere Club 

House 

2 A View of Columbia 

College in the City 
of New York 

3 An East View of 

Trinity Church 

4 A Perspective View 

of the Federal 
Edifice in the City 
of New York ] 

5 View of the Present 



797 
in the " New York 

Seat of His Excel- 
lency, the Vice- 
President of the 
United States. 

6 Hell Gate 

7 Government House 

8 A View of St. Paul's 

Church 

9 The Monument at 

Sandy Hook 

[0 The Light House at 

Sandy Hook 




7* 



CHAPTER IV 




CHAPTER IV 

ENGRAVINGS EXECUTED FROM THE YEAR 
1793 TO THE YEAR I 80O 

1793 

" A View of the Battery and Harbour 

OF New York and the Ambuscade 

Frigate " 

J. Drayton, del. S. Hill, sc. Boston 

HIS is one of three illustrations 
to " Letters written during a 
Tour through the Northern and 
Eastern States of America by- 
John Drayton," published at 

Charleston in 1794. 

This little volume by Governor Drayton has 

become one of the scarce pieces of Americana. 

The glimpse it affords of New York City, at the 

close of the last century, as it appeared to the 

75 




NEW AMSTERDAM 

eyes of a native American, is so full of life and 
color that its introduction here in full needs, we 
think, no apology. 

" New York, June 25, 1793. 
" To-morrow, I propose leaving this place on 
my rout for Boston ; and my stay here, contrary 
to my original determination, gives me a lesson 
of which I shall be mindful in future, which is 
never to resolve to leave a place at a certain 
time ; where, the hospitality of its inhabitants 
may persuade one to the contrary. That has 
been my case. Having met with unexpected 
attentions from families and persons to whom, I 
had no letters ; and whose acquaintance was not 
to be obtained but by a short stay. This was 
my reason for not pursuing my destination ; it 
was not through a fickleness of disposition, or in 
a wild pursuit of pleasure. And this stay, fur- 
nishes me with the means, as well as the oppor- 
tunity, of once more addressing you before my 
departure; and of giving some account of the 
City of New York. First premising, that you 
must not expect more particulars, than you may 
imagine in the course of a fortnight, with reason- 
able enquiries and observations, I may have 
obtained. 

76 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

" It claims a superiority of situation as a com- 
mercial city, to any on the Continent. Retired 
about eight leagues from the sea; in half a tide, 
vessels from thence may be moored at its 
wharves. It is built at the extreme end of New 
York island, at the confluence of the Hudson 
and East Rivers; and in position is much like 
that of Charleston. On the south of it, runs the 
Hudson, some hundred miles; thro' the States 
of New York, New Jersey, and at the back of 
Connecticut and Vermont ; until it wastes itself 
in the country between the lakes, Ontario and 
Champlain. It is the boundary between the 
States of Jersey and New York ; and the channel 
of great wealth to that city. Up this river 
British forty gun ships have sailed some dis- 
tance. Upon the border of it was Arnold's and 
Andre's plot carried on ; and its bosom (which 
had it been sensible, would have shrunk from 
such a weight of infamy) received the traitor in 
his escape to New York. On the northern side 
is East River ; famous for having Hell Gate on 
it. We shall pass it to-morrow. No Sibyl 
guiding our course as i?ineas had ; however I 
hope not to be less fortunate. This river com- 
municates with the sound running between 
Long Island and the State of Connecticut; and 

77 



NEW AMSTERDAM 



leads much of the Commerce of Rhode Island 
and Connecticut to this City. 

" The greater part of its wharves, are built 
upon East River ; and there the trade of the city 
is principally carried on. It is said to contain 
thirty thousand inhabitants; and is crowded with 
stores and shops ; the most of which are in the 
retail line, though many of them are in the 
wholesale business. Quite like an European 
town, there are few articles which may not be 
here obtained ; and that cheaper than in Caro- 
lina. How to account for this I am at a loss ; 
but believe it may in some measure be owing, 
to property in vessels, more punctuality in pay- 
ments, and shorter credits. Almost every 
merchant has a property in shipping; hence in 
proportion as he gains by the freight he can af- 
ford to reduce the price of his goods, and is not 
driven to the necessity of putting an additional 
advance upon them in order, to compensate for 
the expense of freight ; unavoidably incurred by 
the employ of a foreign bottom. The common 
time of crediting the farmer, is six months. 
Added to this, people in a busy line of life, are 
satisfied to live comfortably, and do not en- 
deavor to equal their neighbors in show, whose 
good fortune it is to enjoy more easy circum- 

78 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

Stances. Thus, having fewer wants to gratify, 
they can afford to sell cheap ; and although 
sometimes they may be slow in amassing a for- 
tune, yet in the end they are more sure of en- 
joying a comfortable and independent living. 
Industry appears as the leading character among 
the catalogue of their virtues. It directs them 
to pursuits where an harmony of action adds 
happiness to the individual ; and rejoices him to 
see founded thereon, the strength of his coun- 
try. In honest occupations perhaps no Amer- 
icans are more attentive, whether we view them 
as relating to perseverance, or ingenuity. And 
I never saw the latter more tried, than in a con- 
test between two public vendue criers ; which 
one day arrested my attention in the streets. 

" Besides having a flag, denoting it to be auc- 
tion day, the vendue masters employ public cri- 
ers; for the express purpose of persuading people 
to attend the sale. They walk before the door 
of the auction-room and strive by all the power 
of their eloquence ; to catch the attention of the 
passing crowd. Seeing two of these street ora- 
tors, from opposite sides of the street endeavour- 
ing to rally persons around their respective col- 
ours ; the contrast of person observable in them 
induced me to stop for a moment and observe 

79 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

the effect which it produced. The one ap- 
peared to be a cold, phlegmatic character ; the 
other, a lively, good looking person. The first 
had a routine of language, which he dealt out 
mechanically, and with much vociferation. The 
other, with a brisk lively deportment, while he 
informed the public what was going on within 
doors, lost no opportunity of mixing the dulce 
cum utile. He spared his lungs when he per- 
ceived nobody coming that way ; but when any 
advances were made towards him, he spoke, he 
sang, he looked pleasant, he laughed at his op- 
ponent ; and in many cases finally carried his 
point. Whether it were that his auction-room 
were in better request, or that his mode of invi- 
tation were more agreeable, certain it is, that he 
attracted a greater number of customers, than 
his unmoving rival. And such an advantage 
will lively and sensible characters ever have 
over those, who want elasticity in their compo- 
sition. They catch the public attention, by 
their manners ; and persuade the mind to notice 
the subject of discussion. 

" From eleven to two o'clock the merchants, 
brokers, etc., meet at the Tontine Coffee-house 
in Wall-Street; where, they transact all their 
concerns in a large way, and where, the politics 

80 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

of the day are considered. This, is a most con- 
venient, and large building ; having an elegant 
suit of rooms, bath and other conveniences. 
Here, the insurance offices are kept ; blank 
checks on the different banks are ready for those 
who may want them, and everything in the busy 
line transacted. When the Ambuscade Frigate 
was here, there was a vast throng in this house, 
every evening. It consisted of two parties, and 
was productive of much opposition of senti- 
ment ; which, I believe would ere long have 
brought them to extremities, had not the cap 
of liberty, with a motto on it of " Sacred to 
Liberty " been fixed up in the coffee-room ; 
where, it now is. This quieted the minds as 
well of the one party, as the other ; and sent to 
attend upon their family concerns many men, 
who were better employed at home than in the 
discussion of politics. 

" The Streets of the City are all paved with 
round stones, except on the sides ; where, they 
are generally paved with brick, or flat stones. 
They are irregular, some, of them being straight; 
some, forming almost a bend of half a circle ; 
others, cutting them acutely ; others forking, 
and making a triangular area of houses. One 
part of a street, may be wide enough for several 

8i 



NEW AMSTERDAM 



carriages to pass ; while another part of it admits 
only two with difficulty. The best streets in it 
are Broadway, Broad-Street, Queen-Street, and 
Wall-Street. But notwithstanding this irregu- 
larity, there is something extremely agreeable 
in the appearance of the town. The irregu- 
larities themselves tend to make it so ; particu- 
larly the curves in some of the streets ; which 
consequently do not give the full prospect at 
once; but by degrees unfold it to the view. It 
is in this way, that Federal Hall opens to the 
sight, as one walks up Broad Street. 

" At the lower end of Broadway is the battery, 
and public parade ; which is at the extreme 
point of the town ; and is situated much like 
that, which was at White Point at Charleston. 
It has no merlons or embrasures; but the guns 
which are thirteen in number are placed upon 
carriages on a stone platform en barbette^ some 
few feet above the level of the water. Between 
the guns and the water is a public walk, made 
by a gentle decline from the platform ; and 
going round the ground upon which the battery 
is placed. Some little distance behind the guns 
two rows of elm trees are planted ; which in a 
short time will afford an agreeable shade. The 
flag staff rises from the midst of a stone tower, 

«2 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

and is decorated on the top with a golden ball ; 
and the back part of the ground is laid out in 
smaller walks, terraces, and a bowling green. 

" Overlooking this prospect, is the government 
house ; placed upon an handsome elevation, 
and fronting Broadway having before it an ele- 
gant illiptical approach, round an area of near 
an acre of ground, enclosed by an iron railing. 
In the midst of this is a pedestal, which for- 
merly was pressed by a leaden equestrian statue 
of the King of Great Britain; but having been 
dismantled of that, for the use of the continental 
army, it now remains ready, in due time I hope, 
to receive the statue of the President of the 
United States of America. When that period 
shall arrive, in addition to the many daily oc- 
currences which lead the mind of the passenger 
to pensive reflection ; this monument of his 
country's gratitude shall call his attention ; and 
while deeds of former times, shall pass in sweet 
review before him, the tear, shall lament the 
loss of an hero — but the heart collected within 
itself, shall urge him by so bright an example, 
to call forth his powers, and to pursue the steps 
of virtue and of honor. 

" A vast number of houses have been built in 
this city, since the war ; some of which are ex- 

83 



NEW AMSTERDAM 



tremely ornamental ; and none more so, than 
the government house. It is two stories high. 
Projecting before it is a portico, covered by a 
pediment ; upon which is superbly carved in 
basso relievo the arms of the State, supported 
by justice and liberty, as large as life. The 
arms and figures are white, placed in a blue 
field ; and the pediment is supported by four 
white pillars of the Ionic order, which are the 
height of both stories. 

" Federal Hall is built upon Wall-Street, and 
fronts Broad-Street, in the same manner as the 
government house does Broadway. This is an 
elegant and grand building ; well adapted for a 
senatorial presence. Here I saw portraits of 
the president, of the secretary of the treasury, 
and of the present governor of the state ; ex- 
ecuted by Colonel Trumbull as large as life ; 
and as far as I could judge good likenesses. 
The background of the president's portrait, 
represents a part of New York ; and the British 
fleet sailing up the Narrows. Here are also a 
museum, and library. The library contains 
about five thousand volumes. 7^he Museum 
was shown to the worst advantage; being but 
partially exposed, and that, in a very small 
room. — (The Museum has been since moved 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

from Federal Hall to the exchange, at the foot 
of Broad Street ; where it offers a more exten- 
sive gratification to the spectator. Among its 
present curiosities is the model (in clay) de- 
signed and executed by the celebrated Italian 
artist in statuary, Mr. Cerrachi, for perpetuating 
the memory of American liberty. It is made 
upon a scale proportioned to one hundred feet 
in length, and as many feet in height ; and for 
grandeur, and emblematical device, is supposed 
would surpass anything of the kind, whether 
ancient or modern. Nothing but the expense 
attending the execution of it, impeded its prog- 
ress ; that being estimated at forty thousand 
guineas. — Perhaps, at some future day, should 
Mr. Cerrachi be then living, the finances of 
America may assist the completion of so happy 
a design. Here also is to be seen Mr. Bowen's 
wax-work, in the middle of the Museum. 
Among which, are those of Alexander Hamil- 
ton, secretary of the treasury of the United 
States, Dr. Franklin and John Hancock, late 
governor of the common-wealth of Massachu- 
setts. These with the rest of the collection, are 
now placed with a happy taste in a room sixty 
feet by thirty ; with an arched ceiling of twenty 
feet high. 

8s 



NEW AMSTERDAM 



" The building in which this Museum was 
kept, was formerly the public resort of mer- 
chants ; and has been long built. It is sup- 
ported on arcades, and is ornamented with a 
cupola ; on the top of which in regal times a 
crown was placed. But that now lies neglected, 
and almost unnoticed in a corner of the Mu- 
seum ; giving way to the more pleasing decora- 
tion of a liberty cap). 

" At the upper end of Broadway, fronting an 
area of three or four acres of ground (which are 
laid out in public walks, and planted with trees) 
are some public buildings ; consisting of a bride- 
well, a poor house, and a jail ; with its attendant 
the gallows. The criminal is here partly hid- 
den by a lattice work ; which I am led to believe 
may have a good tendency ; as whether the cul- 
prit dies bravely or like a coward, those around 
are ignorant of it. The mob goes away, not 
enlarging upon the fortitude of his death ; but 
commenting upon the certainty of his punish- 
ment. And thence drawing instruction for a 
moral conduct ; not encouragement in a vicious 
one. 

" Near these buildings is an hospital, capable of 
containing a large number ot invalids ; and some 
little distance from it is the college ; where about 

86 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

80 Students are at present. They have their 
studies in the college, but are boarded out in the 
city. In addition to the improvement acquired 
here common to the classes of a college, lectures 
upon anatomy, chymistry, and other branches 
appertaining to surgery and physic, are delivered 
under the direction of the college ; and I am in- 
formed that there are about 30 students who 
now attend them. 

" Scarcely out of the city, is a very good ship- 
yard, situated upon East River. Yesterday a 
ship capable of carrying nine hundred barrels of 
rice, was launched from it ; and several more 
are upon the stocks, one of which is to be an 
Indiaman. While speaking of shipping permit 
me to mention, that lee-boards are very much 
in use at this place, with all the small sloops, 
and other light boats ; particularly with those 
navigating the Hudson, and attending the 
ferries. They are a great assistance to them, in 
sailing close upon the wind ; and seem by their 
use, much to meet the public approbation. 

" I just arrived here time enough to be at their 
concerts, and plays. Their band which is good, 
has the great addition of Mrs. Pownall's voice; 
whom I have heard sing at the play, the con- 
cert, and at Trinity Church (St. John's day). 

87 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

She may with truth be considered as a good 
performer, and although the reverend divine 
at church, seemed to deliver himself with much 
earnestness ; yet such was the crowd, that the 
voice of Mrs. Pownall alone, arrested attention ; 
and claimed the privilege of being heard. She 
is advanced in years, came over from England 
last Fall ; and still retains vast powers in vocal 
music. The company of actors acquit them- 
selves very well, and do not stand in need of 
much prompting, which, is an advantage they 
have over many in the same line of life. 

" Good hackney-coaches, phaetons or other 
carriages may now be hired at New York ; it is 
necessary however to give some little previous 
notice, as they are kept at no public stand ; but 
only at the houses of their respective owners. 

" The rides in the neighborhood of the city are 
for miles beautiful, every elevation of ground 
presenting some handsome country seat. With 
what pleasure, have I often viewed them. 
They were as much mine at those moments, as 
the real possessors'. I enjoyed each beauty, as 
much as they could do ; and there was nothing 
wanting to render my happiness complete, but 
the company of those who are dear to me." 



88 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 
1796 

"View of the City of New York taken 
FROM Long Island" 

l8i/^XI2 

Colored etching by St. Memin* 

1797 
"Custom House, New York" 
(Government House) 
221^x14 
C. Milbourne, del. & excudit 
The original water-color bearing the above 
date, from which the well-known colored litho- 
graph of this edifice was copied, is preserved in 
the collections of the New York Historical 
Society. 

1798 

"A View of the City of New York from 

Brooklyn Heights, foot of 

PiERREPONT Street, 

IN 1798 " 

By Monsieur C. B. Julien de St. Memin, 
with a pantograph invented by himself. 

* a French artist who visited this country shortly after the Revolution 
and engraved several hundred small circular mezzotints of public and 
private persons. 

89 



NEW AMSTERDAM 

Prepared by M. Dripps for Valentine's Man- 
ual in 1 86 1, from an original drawing in pos- 
session of J. C. Brevoort, Esq., of Brooklyn, 

1798 

" Washington, Portrait of, standing upon 

A Pedestal in front of Bowling Green" 

24ix2iA 

Designed and drawn by Charles Buxton 

Tiebout, sculp. Published by C. Smith, New 

York, 1798 

The background contains a view of No. i 

Broadway, the Fort, Bay and Narrows. 

1800 

New York from Hobuck Ferry House, 

New Jersey'-' 

l8xi2 3{^ 

Alex' Robertson Delineavit. Francis Jukes 
Sculpsit, London, published March ji, 1800 
by F. Jukes, Howland St., and by Alex' Rob- 
ertson, Columbian Academy, Liberty Street, 
N. Y. 

This engraving might more fitlv be entitled: 
A V^iew of the Hoboken Ferry House. The 
building usurps two-thirds of the space in the 

*Thc Emmet Collection in the Lenox Libran-. 
90 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

picture and the city is merely outlined in the 
distance. 

Hoboken and its environs were favorite 
points of view from which to sketch the Bay 
and City of New York before innumerable 
Teutonic beer gardens had overrun and effaced 
the famous " Elysian Fields " and the " forest 
solitudes " where Fitz: Greene Halleck loved to 
stroll and muse after his day's clerkly work in 
the office of John Jacob Astor was over. It 
was from Weehawken Hill that he pictured for 
us in his poem of " Fanny" the city in which 

'' He toiled and sang ; and year by year 
Men found their homes more sweety 

And through a tenderer atmosphere^ 

Looked down the brick xvalled street."'^ 

1801 

"View of New York from Long Island" 

19^x13^^ 

Aquatint 

Drawn by J. Wood. Engraved by Wm. 

RoUinson. 

Published by J. Wood and W. Rollinson 

New York, 1801 

*Whittier's poem on Fitz:Greene Halleck. 
91 



NEW AMSTERDAM 



1803 

"The City of New York, in the State of 
New York, North America" 

Painted by William Birch. Engraved by 

Samuel Seymour 
Published by W. Birch, 1803, Springland near 
Bristol, Pennsylvania 
Taken from Brooklyn Heights 
This print is to be found both colored and 
plain and also in two states. In one the fore- 
ground contains a white horse, the indistinct 
outline of which can be detected by careful 
examination among the figures which subse- 
quently were engraved in its place. 

We have now, by the aid of the iconographic 
materials at our disposal, followed the progress 
of our city from its first settlement down to the 
opening of the present century, and traced its 
growth from a mere Dutch trading post to a 
city of seventy-five thousand inhabitants, with 
Canal Street spanned bv a wooden bridge, mark- 
ing the northern limits of the city proper. To 
some other pen we leave the larger task of 
chronicling the onward march during the suc- 
ceeding one hundred years of the city which 

9i 




R^cifoJ/ HujJiiie/s Thames Bi/Ae of Vorke and .ilbam^ 
K^. of the mi^f't nchle cj-c'e^- cf bjie Of arte v, and J'cle 
ln\<t/i^v to hiS Citcre? , 'ia^V Kino C/inr/ej t/ie 2". izc'^ 



NEW ORANGE NEW YORK 

now spreads out its network of boulevards and 
streets far beyond the boundary lines of Min- 
uit's purchase and boasts of scores of buildings, 
in any one of which could be domiciled the 
entire population of New Amsterdam on Sep- 
tember eighth, 1664, the eventful day when 
" Hardcoppig Piet " yielded to the inevitable, 
surrendered to the representative of the Duke 
of York''' the keys of the Fort, and marched out 
of its gateway at the head of the Dutch forces 
with colors flying and all the honors of war. 

*By a patent dated March 12, 1663, Charles II, King of England, 
conveyed to his brother, Duke of York, afterwards James II, all the lands 
from the west side of the Connecticut River to the east side of Delaware 
Bay. 




93 



APPENDIX 




irti tit one/fay, tier-o notf)i,xs .fill may ie.. 





EXTRACTS 

FROM G. M. ASHEr's BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND HIS- 
TORICAL ESSAY ON DUTCH BOOKS AND 
PAMPHLETS RELATING TO NEW 
NETHERLAND AND THE 
DUTCH WEST INDIA 
COMPANY 

|0 render our labors the more 
interesting for the antiquarian, 
we here offer them the first three 
original views of New Amster- 
dam which exist. 
The oldest of them is copied from the Befch- 
rijvinghe van Virginia. 

The second is taken from the delineation of 
N. J. Visscher. 

The third is a much reduced copy of Al- 
lard's engraving. 

97 




APPENDIX 



The fourth and last view of New Amsterdam 
drawn in the first fifty years of its existence is 
to be found in O'Callaghan's Documentary 
History of New York, Volume IV, page 1 16. 
(Copied from Montanus.) 



We are now about to speak of a series of 
Maps, which are in fact the principal remains 
of the Dutch contemporary geographical labors 
upon this subject. 

No. 8 A Map of N. J. Vifscher 
No. 9 A Map of v. d. Donck 
No. lo First Map of Hugo Allard 
No. II Second Map of Schenck and Valk 
No. 12 Map of Montanus and Ogilby 
No. 13 Second Map of Hugo Allard 
No. 14 First Map of Nicolas Vifscher 
Nos. 15, 16 First and Second Maps of Car- 
olus Allard 

No. 17 Map of loachim Ottens 
No. 18 Map of Reinier and Josua Ottens 
No. 19 Map of Danckers 
No, 20 Map of Lotter 
Among the Maps above quoted there is one 
(No. 19), produced by Joost Danckers, which 
could not have been published before the end of 

98 



APPENDIX 

the seventeenth, or the beginning of the eight- 
eenth century ; there are many indications which 
prove that the more recent names upon it 
(Philadelphia is marked upon it as a large 
town) are only additions and that the plate 
belongs to a much earlier period. 

* * * 

As to the date upon our original map (N. J, 
Visscher), it must be between 1650 and 1656 ; 
for there is upon it a mistake reproduced by all 
the copyists ; the mouth of the Hudson is called 
Godyn's Bay. 

The source of this error is found in the 
following passage of v. d. Donck's " Vertoogh," 
page 9. 
♦* enDe De Baeif atiti toortg^enaemt jjiteuto^portf 

3Pae^, nu ter tift (SoD^ifn's; llBae?," 
(i. e. and the Bay itself is named New-Port-May, 
now Godyn's Bay.) 

* * * 

Note of Mr. Bodel Nyenhuis : On a close 
examination I believe the Map of Danckers to 
be the very same copperplate as Visscher's 
Map, and that the plan of Philadelphia was 
afterwards engraved upon it. 



99 



APPENDIX 

About 1690, Nicolas Visscher retouched 
the old plate of N. J. Visscher (No. 8). 

Asher's 
List of Views of New Amsterdam 

I The first print which represents New Am- 
sterdam appeared in the BefctjtiftJinslje toan Witf 
gtnta, etc. Quarto. Amsterdam, 1 65 1 , Hartgers. 
It is to be found on page 20 of the book and 
is subscribed " ' / Fori nieuw Amsterdam op de 
Manhatans." The size is 4^x4^ inches. 

This view of the fort was probably brought 
over in 1649 by the New Netherland deputies. 
It is taken from a great distance ; the walls of 
the fort appear very strong, but the houses and 
other buildings are mostly concealed. 

The same print is also to be found on page 9 
of the first edition of Van der Donck. 

II Another view of New Amsterdam was 
engraved upon five several maps of New Neth- 
erland (Nos. 8, 9, 10, 14 and 19 of our list). 
A description of New Amsterdam, taken from 
this engraving, will be found in Montanus's 
jj^ieutoe 2KtterelO which has been translated and 
embodied in Mr. O'Callaghan's Documentary 
History of New York. 

One or both these views owe their origin to 



APPENDIX 



Augustine Herremans. Mr. Broadhead con- 
jectures that we are to ascribe the latter to 
him. 

III A view very similar to this, but with a 
different foreground (perhaps only an orna- 
mented copy), is to be found in Montanus's 
0tu)jat OTerelD. As a work of art it is very su- 
perior to the original ; a very good facsimile is 
given in Mr. O'Callaghan's Documentary 
History. 

IV A view, nearly from the same point 
but widely different from the former, ornaments 
the Map of Hugo Allard (No. 13 of our list), 
and the other maps printed from the same plate 
(Nos. 15, 16, 17 and 18). It represents New 
Amsterdam or New York in the year 1673. 
Here the place appears like a well built and 
well fortified town, whereas on the foregoing en- 
gravings it seemed hardly equal in size to one 
of the Dutch Villages. 

V This view has been reproduced by Lot- 
ter on his Map of New Netherland (No. 20 of 
our list) ; although a good copy, it is, as an en- 
graving, inferior to the original. 

VI The only separate view of New Am- 
sterdam we have ever seen (also a copy from 



APPENDIX 

Allard's Engraving) is in the possession of Mr. 
Bodel Nyenhuis. The inscription is as follows : 

Nieu Amsterdam een AMSTELOOAMVMrecens pos- 

steJeken in Noord Amerik<ts tea Anglis illud possidentibus 

Nieu Hollant op het Eilant / dictum Eboracum nouum, 

Manhattan {Sic :) namttls. Hollandia No-va, id est Amer- 

Nieu-York genamt toen het ca, Mexicanae si-ue Septentrio- 

gertekte in 't gebiet der Engel- nalis oppidulum. 
schen. 

" On the left side of the inscription " Pet. 
Schenck," on the right side " Amstel. C. P. No. 
92." Size 8 inches high by 10 broad. Like all 
other engravings of Schenck, this one was ex- 
ecuted between 1690 and 1700, and most likely 
published in one of the various collections of 
views of different cities published by him. 



Extract 

From Hugh Gaine's Universal Register or 

American and British Kalendar 

FOR THE year I776 
new YORK 

Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in the vear 
1 608, under a commission from his Master King 
James I, discovered Long Island, Manhattan's 
(since called New York) and the River which 
still bears his Name ; and afterwards sold the 



APPENDIX 



Country, or rather his Right to the Dutch. 
Four years after the States-General granted a 
Patent to sundry Merchants for an exclusive 
Trade on the North-River, who in 1614 built 
a Fort on the West side near Albany : In the 
same year Capt. Argall under Sir Thomas Dale, 
Governor of Virginia, visited the Dutch on 
Hudson's-River, who being unable to resist 
him, prudently submitted for the present, to the 
King of England, and under him to the Gover- 
nor of Virginia. The year following they erected 
a Fort on the South West Point of the Island 
Manhattans. Determined upon the settlement 
of a Colony, the States General in 1621 granted 
the Country to the West India Company ; and 
in the year 1629 Wouter van Twiller arrived at 
Fort Amsterdam, now New York, and took 
upon himself the Government. 

August 27, 1664, Governor Stuyvesant sur- 
rendered the Colony to Col. Nicholls, who had 
arrived in the Bay a few days before, with three 
or four ships and about 300 Soldiers, having a 
Commission from King Charles 2nd, to reduce 
the place, which then was called New-Amster- 
dam, but was changed to New- York, as was 
Fort-Orange to Albany, in Honour of his Royal 
Highness James, Duke of York and Albany. 



APPENDIX 

Very few of the inhabitants thought proper to 
remove out of the Country ; and their numer- 
ous Descendants for Loyalty to the present 
Reigning Family, and a pure attachment to the 
Protestant Religion, are perhaps exceeded by 
none of his Majesty's Subjects/-' 

The English kept peaceable Possession of the 
Country until the Year 1673, when the Dutch 
with whom we were then at War, sent a small 
Squadron which arrived at Staten-Island on the 
30th of July ; John Manning, a Captain of 
an Independent Company who had at that Time 
the command of the Fort, sent a Messenger 
down to the Commodore, and treacherously 
made his Terms with him : On the same Day 
the ships came up, moor'd under the Fort^ 
landed their men, and entered the Garrison 
without giving or receiving a Shot. All the 
Magistrates and Constables from East-Jersey, 
Long-Island, i5£sopus, and Albany, were sum- 
moned to New York ; and the major Part of 
them swore Allegiance to the States General and 
the Prince of Orange. The Conquerors, how- 

* It is evident that Mr. Hugh Gaine had read William Smith's 
"History of' New York," and availed himself of this opportunity to 
evince his allegiance to the English Crown by an expression of loyal 
sentiment, in the very language used by Mr. Smith twenty years 
previously. 

104 



APPENDIX 



ever did not enjoy the Fruits of their Success 
long, for on the 9th of February the Year fol- 
lowing, a Treaty of Peace between England and 
Holland, was sign'd at Westminster ; by the 
6th Article of which this Province was restored 
to the English — under whose Dominion it has 
since continued. 



The Montresor Plan 
Surveyed in the Winter of 1775 

REFERENCES 

A Fort George L Goal 

B Batteries M Work-house 

C Military Hospital N Colledge * 

D Secretaries Office O Markets 

E Powder Magazine P Trinity Church 

F Soldier's Barracks Q_ St. Georges Church 

G Wharfs and Quays R St. Paul's Chapel 

H Ship Yards S Old Dutch Church 

I City Hall T New Dutch Church 

K Exchange V Lutheran Church 
W Calvinists Church 

* New York College, established by Royal Charter granted in 1754. 

Other prominent public Institutions founded in the latter part of the 
eighteenth century are ; The New York Chamber of Commerce, established 
May I, 1769, incorporated by Lt. Gov. Golden, March 13, 1770; The 
Marine Society, incorporated by letters patent granted the 12th of 
April, 1770; and The New York Hospital, charter granted June 13, 1771, 
by John, Earl of Dunmore. 

105 



APPENDIX 

X French Protestant Y Quaker's Meeting 

Church Z Presbyterian Meeting 

& Jews Synagogue 

REFERENCES 

1 Baptist Meeting 5 Ruins of Alderman's 

2 Moravian Meeting Romer's Battery 

3 New Lutheran 6 Fresh Water Engine 

Meeting from whence the 

4 City School House Town is supplied 

Inscription 

NEW YORK 

Novum Eboracum, a City in the Province of that 
Name; formerly New Amfterdam, and the Country 
New Netherland, or Nova Belgia frorn having been 
first settled by the Dutch ^ though first discovered by Hen. 
Hudfon, an Englishman commifsioned by King James, 
and employed by the E. India Company, for finding a 
Pafsage through N. America to China, in 160S. who 
sold his Discovery to them. This it's Metropolis, is sit- 
uated in if.0. Deg. ^2. Min. ^o. Sec. N. Lat. and on the 
South West end of an Island^ of the same Name^ i^. 
Miles in length and about one Alile wide^ which compre- 
hends the Liberties or Charter of the City^ and luas caWd 
by its original Natives the Savages^ Manhattan's Island^ 
the City is Constructed at the confluence of the North or 
Hudfon's River^ leading to Albany, and the East or 
Sounds which divides Nafsau now Long Ifland [and by 

106 



APPENDIX 

the Natives Meitowacks) /tijw the Main^ and the dire£i 
Navigation for small Vefsells to the Eastern Provinces ; 
it's about thirty Miles from Sandy Hook, the entrance 
from the Ocean^ so through a winding course caWd the 
East and West Banks to the Narrows one Mile acrofs^ 
being formed by Long and Staaten Islands^ both in this 
Province^ on the S. West end of the City, stands a Fort 
of StonCy where the Governor resides^ conJiruSied by the 
Dutch in iSl^^ calPd Fort Amsterdam^ now Fort George, 
which has often been repaired the whole en Barbette, i^ 
whose Exterior Line is J JO Feet^ its Flanks which are 
very Insignificant are nearly at Right Angles : it con- 
tains Barracks for 200 Men iff constru^ed originally for 
two of the four New Y ov\iy Independent Companies [tho' 
paid by the Crown) it has two Powder Maga-z,'. but 
dampy y no other Casemates^ l^ badly supplied with 
water : in its N. East Front towards the Town, is situ- 
ated a Ravelin or Couvert-Port en Barbette, that 
rather obstructs its Defences^ zuhich are of themselves but 
bady this Front is Command'^, by a Piece of Ground Equal^ 
to it at the end of y' Boivling Green ^ its Original Parade 
^formerly in the furisdiSlion of the Fort; this height is 
J JO. feet from it^ Iff where its Principal Streets commen- 
ces called the Broadway ; this Fort, is constructed on a 
small NoUyjust sufficient for the Work^ which has two 
fronts to the Town bf two to y' Water^ one facing the 
East and one the North Rivers, y' Battery which car- 
ries a respeSifull appearance with it {at a distance) is in 
a very ruinous situation iff was constructed at an Enor- 

107 



APPENDIX 

mous Expence^ iff seems to have been intended for Profit 
& Form then Defence^ it being entirely exposed to a fire 
in reverse^ ^ Enfilade ; it consists of gi. Embrasures ,^ in 
which are J I . Pieces of Cannon mounted. 

The Principal Locations Named in the Body 
OF THE Map 



Bowling Green 

Wet Dock 

The Intended Square 

or Common (Park) 
Fresh Water 
Jews Burying Ground 
Ranelagh Garden 

(Broadway) 
Rutgers's Brew House 
By Vancks'* 
Acklands'* 
N. Bayard's 
Vauxhall Garden 



Broadway 
Broad Street 
Dock " 
Beaver " 
Hanover " 



Lispenard'st 

Founderyt 

Harrison's Breweryf 

Lady Warren's 

Mortiers' (Richmond 
Hill) 

Greenwich 

W. Bayard's 

Manderville's 

O. Delancey's 

Obelisk erected to the 
Memory of Gen'l 
Wolfe, and others 

Roads & Streets 

Rope Walk 
Love Lane 
Road to Crown Point 
Bowrv Lane — Road to 
Albany and Boston 



French Church St. (Pine) Road to Obelisk 

* Note. — Located upon the East River shore, 
t On the North River shore. 



io8 



appendix 

Extract 

From William Smith's History 

OF New York 

THE city and county OF NEW YORK 

The City of New York at first, included 
only the Island, called by the Indians, Man- 
hatans ; Manning's Island, the two Barn Islands 
and the three Oyster Islands were in the 
County. But the Limits of the City have since 
been augmented by Charter. The Island is 
very narrow, not a Mile wide at a Medium, 
and about 14 Miles in Length. The South- 
west Point projects into a fine spacious Bay, 
nine Miles long and about four in Breadth ; at 
the Confluence of the Waters of Hudson's 
River, and the Streight between Long Island 
and the Northern Shore. The Narrows, at the 
South end of the Bay, is scarce two Miles wide, 
and opens the Ocean to full view. The Pas- 
sage up to New York from Sandy Hook, a 
Point that extends farthest into the Sea, is safe, 
and not above five and twenty Miles in Length. 
The common Navigation is between the East 
and West Banks, in two or three and twenty 
Feet of Water. But it is said that an eighty 
Gun ship may be brought up, through a narrow, 

109 



APPENDIX 

winding, unfrequented Channel, between the 
North End of the East Bank and Coney Island. 

The City has, in reality, no natural Bason 
or Harbour. The Ships lie off in the Road, on 
the East side of the Town, which is Docked 
out, and better built than the West side, because 
the Freshets in Hudson's River, fill it in some 
Winters with ice. 

The City of New York, as I have elsewhere 
had occasion to mention, " consists of about 
two thousand five hundred Buildings. It is a 
Mile in Length, and not above half that in 
Breadth. Such is its Figure, its Center of Busi- 
ness, and the Situation of the Houses, that the 
mean Cartage from one Part to another, does 
not exceed above one Quarter of a Mile, than 
which nothing can be more advantageous to a 
trading City." 

It is thought to be as healthy a spot as any 
in the World. The East and South Parts, in 
general, are low, but the rest is situated on a 
dry, elevated Soil. The Streets are irregular, 
but being paved with round Pebbles are clean, 
and lined with well built Brick Houses, many 
of which are covered with Tiled Roofs. 

No part of America is supplied with Mar- 
kets abounding with greater Plenty and Varietv. 



APPENDIX 



We have Beef, Pork, Mutton, Poultry, Butter, 
wild Fowl, Venison, Fish, Roots and Herbs, of 
all Kinds, in their Seasons. Our Oysters are a 
considerable Article in the Support of the Poor. 
Their beds are within view of the Town ; a 
Fleet of two hundred small Craft, are often seen 
there, at a Time, when the Weather is mild in 
Winter ; and this single Article is computed to 
to be worth annually lo or 12,000^. 

This City is the Metropolis and grand 
Mart of the Province, and, by its commodious 
Situation, commands also all the trade of the 
Western part of Connecticut and that of East 
Jersey. " No Season prevents our Ships from 
launching out into the Ocean. During the 
greatest Severity of Winter, an equal, unre- 
strained. Activity runs through all Ranks, Or- 
ders and Employments." 

Upon the South-west Point of the City 
stands the Fort, which is a Square with four 
Bastions. Within the Walls is the House in 
which our Governours usually reside ; and op- 
posite to it Brick Barracks, built formerly, for 
the Independent Companies. The Govern- 
our's House is in Heighth three stories, and 
fronts to the West ; having, from the second 
Story, a fine Prospect of the Bay and the Jersey 



APPENDIX 

Shore. At the South End there was formerly 
a Chapel, but this was burnt down in the Negroe 
Conspiracy of the Spring 1741. According to 
Governour Burnet's Observations, this Fort 
stands in the Latitude of 40" 42' N. 

Below the Walls of the Garrison, near the 
Water, we have lately raised a Line of Fortifi- 
cations, which commands the Entrance into the 
Eastern Road and the Mouth of Hudson's 
River. This Battery is built of Stone, and the 
Merlons consist of Cedar Joists, filled in with 
Earth. It mounts 92 Cannon, and these are 
all the Works we have to defend us. About 
six furlongs. South-east of the Fort, lies Notten 
Island, containing about 100 or 120 Acres, re- 
served bv an Act of Assembly as a sort of 
Demesne for the Governours, upon which it is 
proposed to erect a strong Castle, because an 
enemy might from thence easily bombard the 
City, without being annoyed either by our Bat- 
tery, or the Fort. During the late War a Line 
of Palisadoes, was run from Hudson's to the 
East River, at the other End of the City, with 
Blockhouses at small Distances. The greater 
Part of these still remain as a Monument of our 
Folly, which cost the Province about 8000^. 

The Inhabitants of New York are a mixed 
People, but mostly descended from the original 



D E 

GEKRUICIGDE 

C H R I S T U S, 

A L S 
HET VOORNAAMSTE TOELEG 

VAN 

GODS GETROUWE KRUISGESANTEN. 

I N 

HUNNE PREDIKING, 

CNDER DEN DAG, DES NIEUWE-TESTAMENTS 

VOORG ESTELT 

IN EENE KERKREEDE, Uit I. Cor. i. sj. 

EN 
Ter opwckking en algcmeene Stlgting met het aanraardea 
van het gevrigtig Lcerraarannpt, uitgcfprookc op den 
14 O^ober, 1750. 

DOOR 
LAMBERTUS DE RONDE. 

Prcdikant tc Neuw-York. 



NIEUW-YORK, 
GcdrukC by Hendricus De Foreest, 
in '1 Jaar, 1751. 



APPENDIX 

Dutch Planters. There are still two Churches, 
in which religious Worship is performed in that 
Language. The old Building is of Stone and 
ill built, ornamented within by a small Organ 
Loft and Brass Branches. The new Church is 
a high, heavy. Edifice, has a very extensive Area, 
and was completed in 1729. It has no Galler- 
ies, and yet will perhaps contain a thousand or 
twelve hundred Auditors. The Steeple of this 
Church affords a most beautiful Prospect, both 
of the City beneath and the surrounding Coun- 
try. The Dutch Congregation is more numerous 
than any other, but as the Language becomes 
disused, it is much diminished ; and unless they 
change their Worship into the English Tongue, 
must soon suffer a total Dissipation. They have 
at present two Ministers ; the reverend Mes- 
sieurs Ritzma and De Ronde, who are both 
strict Calvinists. Their Church was incorpo- 
rated on the I ith of May, 1696, by the Name 
of the Minister, Elders, and Deacons of the 
reformed Protestant Dutch Church of the City 
of New York, and its Estate, after the Expira- 
tion of sundry long Leases, will be worth a very 
great Income.'-' 

All the Low Dutch Congregations, in this 

*Their Charter was confirmed by a late Act of the Assembly ratified by 
his Majesty, which recites the Vlllth Article of the Surrender in 1664. 

"3 



APPENDIX 



and the Province of New Jersey, worship after 
the Manner of the reformed Churches in the 
United Provinces. With Respect to Govern- 
ment, thev are in Principle Presbyterians ; but 
yet hold themselves in Subordination to the 
Classis of Amsterdam, who sometimes permit, 
and at other Times refuse, them the Powers of 
Ordination. Some of their Ministers consider 
such a Subjection as anti-constitutional, and 
hence in several of their late annual Conven- 
tions, at New York, called the Coetus, some 
Debates have arisen amongst them ; the Ma- 
jority being inclined to erect a Classis, or eccle- 
siastical Judicatory, here, for the Government 
of their Churches. Those of their Ministers, 
who are Natives of Europe, are, in general, 
averse to the Project. The Expence attending 
the Ordination of their Candidates, in Holland, 
and the Reference of their Disputes to the 
Classis of Amsterdam — is very considerable ; 
and with what Consequences, the Interruption 
of their Correspondence with the European 
Dutch, would be attended, in Case of a War, 
well deserves their Consideration. 

There are, besides the Dutch, two Episco- 
pal Churches in this City upon the plan of the 
established Church in South Britian. Trinity 



114 



APPENDIX 



Church was built in 1696, and afterwards en- 
larged in 1737. It stands very pleasantly upon 
the Banks of Hudson's River, and has a large 
Cemetery, on each side, inclosed in the Front 
by a painted paled Fence. Before it a long 
Walk is railed off from the Broad-way, the 
pleasantest Street of any in the whole Town. 
This Building is about 148 Feet long, includ- 
ing the Tower and Chancel, and 72 feet in 
Breadth. The Steeple is 175 Feet in Heighth, 
and over the Door facing the River is the fol- 
lowing Inscription : 

" PER ANGUSTAM 

" Hoc Trinitatis Templum fundatum est 
Anno Regni illustrissimi,supremi, Domini Guli- 
elmi tertii, Dei Gratia, Angliae, Scotiae, Franciae 
et Hiberniae Regis, Fidei Defensoris, &c. Oc- 
tavo, Annoq ; Domini, 1696. 

" Ac voluntaria quorundam Contributione ac 
Donis i^dificatum, maxime autem, dilecti Regis 
ChiliarchcE BENJAMINI FLETCHER, 
hujus Provinciae strataeci & Imperatoris, Mu- 
nificentia animatum et auctum, cujus tempore 
moderaminis, hujus Civitatis incolae, Religi- 
onem protestantem Ecclefiae Anglicanas, ut 
Secundum Legem nunc stabilitae profitentes, 



APPENDIX 

quodam Diplomate, sub Sigillo ProvincicT in- 
corporati sunt, atque alias Plurimas, ex Re fua 
familiari, Donationes notabiles eidem dedit." 

The Church is, within, ornamented beyond 
anv other Place of publick Worship amongst 
us. The Head of the Chancel is adorned with 
an Altarpiece, and opposite to it, at the other 
End of the Building, is the Organ. The Tops 
of the Pillars, which support the Galleries, are 
decked with the gilt Busts of Angels winged. 
From the Cieling are suspended two Glass 
Branches, and on the Walls hang the Arms of 
some of its principal Benefactors. The Allies 
are paved with flat stones. 

The present Rector of this Church is the 
Rev. Mr. Henry Barclay, formerly a Mission- 
arv among the Mohawks, who receives j£ic>o 
a Year, levied upon all the other Clergy and 
Laity in the City, by Virtue of an Act of As- 
sembly procured by Governour Fletcher. He 
is assisted by Dr. Johnson and Mr. Auch- 
muty. 

This Congregation, partly bv the Arrival of 
Strangers from Europe, but principally bv 
Proselytes from the Dutch Churches, is become 
so numerous, that though the old Building will 
contain 2000 Hearers, yet a new one was erected 

116 



APPENDIX 



in 1752. This, called St. George's Chapel/'' is 
a very neat Edifice, faced with hewn Stone and 
tiled. The Steeple is lofty ,f but irregular ; and 
its Situation in a new, crowded and ill-built. 
Part of the Town. 

The Rector, Churchwardens, and Vestry- 
men of Trinity Church, are incorporated by 
an Act of Assembly, which grants the two 
last the Advowson or Right of Presentation ; 
but enacts, that the Rector shall be instituted 
and inducted in a Manner most agreeable to 
the King's Instructions to the Governour, and 
the canonical Right of the Bishop of London. 
Their Worship is conducted after the Mode of 
the Church of England ; and with Respect to 
Government, they are empowered to make 
Rules and Orders for themselves, being, if I 
may use the Expression, an independent, eccle- 
siastical, Corporation. 

The Revenue of this Church is restricted, by 
an Act of Assembly, to X500 per Annum ; but 
it is possessed of a real Estate, at the North 
End of the Town, which having been lately di- 
vided into Lots and let to Farm, will in a few 
years, produce a much greater Income. 

* The Length exclusive of the Chancel, 92 feet, and its Breadth 20 
feet less. 

f One hundred and seventy-five feet. 

117 



APPENDIX 



The Presbyterians increasing after Lord 
Cornbury's return to England, called Mr. An- 
derson, a Scotch Minister, to the pastoral 
Charge of their Congregation ; and Dr. John 
Nicol, Patrick Mac Night, Gilbert Livingston 
and Thomas Smith, purchased a piece of 
Ground and founded a Church, in 17 19. Two 
years afterwards they petitioned Colonel Schuy- 
ler, who had then the chief Command, for a 
Charter of Incorporation, to secure their Estate 
for religious Worship, upon the Plan of the 
Church in North Britain ; but were disappointed 
in their Expectations, through the Opposition of 
the Episcopal Party. They, shortly after, re- 
newed their Request to Governour Burnet, 
who referred the petition to his Council. The 
Episcopalians again violently opposed the 
Grant, and the Governour, in 1724, wrote 
upon the Subject to the Lords of Trade for 
their Direction. Counsellor West, who was 
then consulted, gave his Opinion in these 
Words : " Upon consideration of the several 
Acts of Uniformity that have passed in Great 
Britain, I am of Opinion that they do not ex- 
tend to New York, and consequently an Act of 
Toleration is of no Use in that Province ; and, 
therefore, as there is no Provincial Act for Uni- 



APPENDIX 



formity, according to the Church of England, I 
am of Opinion, that by Law such Patent of In- 
corporation may be granted, as by the Petition 
is desired. Richard West, 20 August, 1724." 
After several Years' Solicitation for a Charter 
in vain, and fearful that those who obstructed 
such a reasonable Request, would watch an Op- 
portunity to give them a more effectual Wound ; 
those, among the Presbyterians, who were in- 
vested with the Fee Simple of the Church and 
Ground, "conveyed it, on the i6th of March, 
1730, to the Moderator of the General Assem- 
bly of the Church of Scotland and the Com- 
mission thereof, the Moderator of the Presby- 
tery of Edinburgh, the Principal of the College 
of Edinburgh, the Professor of Divinity there- 
in, and the Procurator and Agent of the Church 
of Scotland, for the Time being, and their Suc- 
cessors in Office, as a Committee of the General 
Assembly." On the 15th of August, 1732, 
the Church of Scotland, by an Instrument 
under the Seal of the General Assembly, and 
signed by Mr. Niel Campbell, Principal of the 
University of Glasgow, and Moderator of the 
General Assembly and Commission thereof; 
Mr. James Nesbit, one of the Ministers of the 
Gospel at Edinburgh, Moderator of the Pres- 



APPENDIX 



bytery of Edinburgh; Mr. William Hamilton, 
Principal of the University of Edinburgh ; Mr. 
James Smith, Professor of Divinity therein ; 
and Mr. William Grant, Advocate Procurator 
for the Church of Scotland, for the Time be- 
ing ; pursuant to an Act of the General Assem- 
bly dated the 8th of May, 1731, did declare, 
"That notwithstanding the aforesaid Right made 
to them and their Successors in Office, they 
were desirous, that the aforesaid Building and 
Edifice and Appurtenances thereof, be preserved 
for the pious and religious Purposes for which 
the same were designed ; and that it should be 
free and lawful to the Presbyterians then resid- 
ing, or that should at any Time, thereafter, be 
resident, in, or near, the aforesaid City of New 
York, in America, or others joining with them, 
to convene, in the foresaid Church, for the 
Worship of God in all the Parts thereof, and for 
the Dispensation of all Gospel Ordinances, and 
generally to use and occupy the said Church and 
its Appurtenances fully and freely in all Times 
coming, they supporting and maintaining the 
Edifice and Appurtenances at their own Charge." 
Mr. Anderson was succeeded in April 1727, 
by the Rev. Mr. Ebenezer Pemberton, a Man 
of polite Breeding, pure Morals, and warm De- 



APPENDIX 

votion; under whose incessant Labours the Con- 
gregation greatly increased and was enabled to 
erect the present Edifice in 1748. It is built of 
Stone, railed off from the Street, is 80 Feet long 
and in Breadth 60. The Steeple, raised on the 
South-west End, is in Height 145 Feet. In the 
Front to the Street, between two long windows, 
is the following Inscription gilt and cut in a 
black Slate six Feet in Length. 

Auspicanto Deo 

Hanc JEdem 

Cultui divino facram 

In perpetuum 

celebrando, 

AD. MDCCXIX. 

Primo fundatum ; 

Denuo penitus reparatam 

et 

Ampliorem et ornatiorem 

AD. MDCCXLVIII. 

Constructam, 

Neo-Eborancenses Presbyterian! 

In fuum et fuorum Ufum 

Condentes, 

In hac votiva Tabula 

D D DQ^ 



APPENDIX 

Concordia, Amore 

Necnon Fidei Cultus et Morum 

Puritate 

Suffulta, clariusq ; exornata, 

Annuente Christo, 
Longum perduret in JEvum. 

Mr. Alexander Cumming, a young Gentle- 
man of Learning and singular Penetration, was 
chosen Colleague to Mr. Pemberton, in 1750; 
but both were dismissed at their Request, about 
three Years afterwards ; the former, through 
Indisposition, and the latter, on Account of 
trifling Contentions kindled by the Bigotry and 
Ignorance of the lower Sort of People. These 
Debates continued till they were closed in April 
1756, by a Decision of the Synod, to which, 
almost all our Presbyterian Churches, in this 
and the Southern Provinces are subject. The 
Congregation consists, at present, of 12 or 1400 
Souls, under the pastoral Charge of the Rev. 
Mr. David Bostwick, who was lately translated 
from Jamaica to New York, by a synodical 
Decree. He is a Gentleman of a mild, catholick. 
Disposition ; and being a Man of Piety, Pru- 
dence, and Zeal, confines himself entirely to 
the proper Business of his Function. In the 
Art of Preaching, he is one of the most dis- 



APPENDIX 

tinguished Clergyman in these parts. His dis- 
courses are methodical, sound and pathetick ; in 
Sentiment, and in Point of Diction, singularly 
ornamented. He delivers himself without 
Notes, and yet with great Ease and Fluency of 
Expression ; and performs every Part of Divine 
Worship with a striking Solemnity. 

The French Church, by the Contentions in 
1724, and the Disuse of the Language, is now 
reduced to an inconsiderable Handful. The 
Building which is of Stone nearly a Square,* 
plain both within and without. It is fenced 
from the Street, has a Steeple and a Bell, the 
latter of which was the Gift of Sir Henry 
Asshurst of London. On the Front of the 
Church is the following Inscription : 

^DES SACRA 

GALLOR. PROT. 

REFORM. 

FVNDA. 1704. 

PENITUS 
REPAR. 1741. 

The present Minister, Mr. Carle, is a Na- 
tive of France, and succeeded Mr. Rou in 1754. 
He bears an irreproachable Character, is very 

*The Area is Seventy Feet long and in Breadth fifty. 
123 



APPENDIX 

intent upon his Studies, preaches moderate 
Calvinism, and speaks with Propriety, both of 
Pronunciation and Gesture. 

The German Lutheran Churches are two. 
Both their Places of Worship are small ; one of 
them has a Cupola and Bell. 

The Quakers have a Meeting-house, and the 
Moravians, a new Sect amongst us, a Church, 
consisting principally of Female Proselytes from 
other Societies. Their Service is in the English 
tongue. 

The Anabaptists assemble at a small Meet- 
ing-house, but have as yet no regular settled 
Congregation. The Jews, who are not incon- 
siderable for their Numbers, worship in a Syn- 
agogue erected in a very Private part of the 
Town, plain without, but very neat within. 

The City Hall is a strong Brick Building, 
two Stories in Heighth, in the Shape of an 
Oblong, winged with one at each End, at right 
Angles with the first. The Floor below is an 
open Walk, except two Jails and the Jailor's 
Apartments. The Cellar underneath is a Dun- 
geon, and the Garret above a common Prison. 
This Edifice is erected in a Place where four 
Streets meet, and fronts, to the South-west, one 
of the most spacious Streets in Town. The 

124 



APPENDIX 

Eastern Wing in the second Story, consists of 
the Assembly Chamber, a Lobby, and a small 
Room for the Speaker of the House. The 
West Wing, on the same Floor, forms the 
Council Room and a Library ; and in the space 
between the Ends, the Supreme Court is ordin- 
arily held. 

The Library consists of a looo Volumes, 
which were bequeathed to The Society for the 
Propagation of the Gospel in foreign Parts, by 
Dr. Millington, Rector of Newington, Mr. 
Humphreys, the Society's Secretary, in a letter 
of the 23d of September 1728, informed Gov- 
ernour Montgomerie, that the Society intended 
to place these Books in New York, intending 
to establish a Library, for the Use of the Clergy 
and Gentlemen of this and the neighbouring 
Governments of Connecticut, New Jersey, and 
Pennsylvania, upon giving Security to return 
them ; and desired the Governour to recom- 
mend it to the Assembly, to provide a Place to 
reposit the Books, and to concur in an Act for 
the Preservation of them and others that might 
be added. Governour Montgomerie sent the 
Letter to the Assembly, who ordered it to be 
laid before the City Corporation, and the latter 
in June 1729, agreed to provide a proper Re- 

125 



APPENDIX 



pository for the Books, which were accordingly- 
soon after sent over. The greatest Part of them 
are upon theological Subjects, and through the 
Carelessness of the Keepers many are missing. 

In 1754, a Set of Gentlemen undertook to 
carry about a Subscription towards raising a 
publick Library, and in a few days collected 
near j£6oo which were laid out in purchasing, 
about 700 Volumes of new, well chosen Books. 
Every Subscriber, upon Payment of ^^5 Prin- 
cipal, and the annual Sum of 10 s. is entitled 
to the Use of these Books. His Right by the 
Articles is assignable, and for Non-compliance 
with them may be forfeited. The Care of this 
Library, is committed to Twelve Trustees, an- 
nually elected by the Subscribers, on the last 
Tuesday of April, who are restricted from mak- 
ing any Rules repugnant to the fundamental 
Subscription. This is the Beginning of a Li- 
brary, which in Process of Time will probably 
become vastly rich and voluminous ; and it 
would be very proper for the Company to have 
a Charter for its Security and Encouragement. 
The Books are deposited in the same Room 
with those given by the Society. 

Besides the City Hall, there belongs to the 
Corporation, a large Alms-house or Place of 

126 



APPENDIX 



Correction, and the Exchange, in the latter of 
which there is a large Room raised upon brick 
Arches, generally used for publick Entertain- 
ments, Concerts of Musick, Balls and Assem- 
blies. 

Though the City was put under the Gov- 
ernment of a Mayor, etc. in 1665, it was not 
regularly incorporated till 1686. Since that 
time several Charters have been passed ; the 
last was granted by Governour Montgomerie 
on the 15th of January 1730. 

It is divided into seven Wards, and is under 
the Government of a Mayor, Recorder, seven 
Aldermen, and as many Assistants or Common 
Councilmen. The Mayor, a Sheriff and Cor- 
oner, are annually appointed by the Governour. 
The Recorder has a Patent during Pleasure. 
The Aldermen, Assistants, Assessors and Col- 
lectors, are annually elected by the Freemen 
and Freeholders of the respective Wards. The 
Mayor has the sole Appointment of a Deputy, 
and, together with four Aldermen, may appoint 
a Chamberlain. The Mayor or Recorder, four 
Aldermen, and as many Assistants, form * The 
Common Council of the City of New York '; 
and this Body, by a Majority of Voices, hath 
Power to make Bye-laws for the Government 



127 



APPENDIX 



of the City, which are binding only for a Year, 
unless confirmed by the Governour and Coun- 
cil. They have many other Privileges relating 
to Ferriages, Markets, Fairs, the Assize of 
Bread, Wine, &:c. and the licensing and Regu- 
lation of Tavern Keepers, Cartage, and the 
like. The Mayor, his Deputy, the Recorder 
and Aldermen, are constituted Justices of the 
Peace ; and may hold not only a Court of 
Record once a Week, to take Cognizance of 
all civil Causes, but also a Court of General 
Quarter Sessions of the Peace. They have a 
common Clerk, commissioned by the Gover- 
nour, who enjoys an Appointment worth about 
four or five hundred Pounds per Annum. The 
annual Revenue of the Corporation is near 
two thousand Pounds. The standing Militia 
of the Island consists of about 2300 Men,* 
and the City has in Reserve, a thousand Stand 
of Arms for Seamen, the Poor and others, in 
Case of an Invasion. 

The North Eastern Part of New York 
Island, is inhabited, principally by Dutch 



* The whole Number of the Inhabitants, exclusive of Females above 
sixty, according to a list returned to the Governour, in the Spring 1756, 
amounted to 10,468 Whites, and 2275 Negroes ; but that Account is 
erroneous^ It is most probable that there are in the City I 5,000 Souls. 

128 



APPENDIX 

Farmers, who have a small Village there called 
Harlem, pleasantly situated on a Flat culti- 
vated for the City Markets. 

Alleged Portrait of Henry Hudson 

IN Possession of the City of 

New York 

In the Department of Public Works of the 
City of New York, now located at No. 150 
Nassau street, hang two oil paintings — half- 
length portraits — one dark and indistinct with 
age, the other by comparison quite fresh and 
modern in appearance. The tablets upon the 
newly gilded frames bear respectively the 
names of Hudson and Columbus. The first 
named picture — or a so-called picture of Hud- 
son, presumably the one here described, which 
adorned, it is recorded, in earlier times the walls 
of the Governor's room in the City Hall — was 
specially engraved for and appears in a recently 
published History of New York City, accom- 
panied, however, with the statement that a dili- 
gent and careful search of the Records in the 
City Hall failed to disclose evidence of its au- 
thenticity. 

In a small hand-book published in 1828, 
under the title of " The Picture of New York 

129 



APPENDIX 



and Stranger's Guide to the Commercial Me- 
tropolis of the United States," by A. T. Good- 
rich, we find a brief account of Henry Hudson, 
which contains this at first sight startling para- 
graph : 

" A portrait of this distinguished navigator is 
in the City Hall, painted in 1592, when he was 
23 years of age. He is represented with a frill 
round his neck and holding a compass in his 
hand. He has a youthful and very interesting 
appearance. It was deposited by an ancient 
Dutch family, and is of undoubted originality." 

Affixed to the back of a portrait, evidently 
the one alluded to by Goodrich in the passage 
quoted above, which now hangs in the office of 
the Water Registrar, is the following neatly en- 
grossed certificate : 

" 'This picture is a copy of a portrait of 
Columbus in N. T. State Library. Maria 
Farmer was granddaughter of Jacob Leisler^ 
Governor of the Colony of New York. The por- 
trait was in her family for at least 1^0 years. 
In lower left corner were painted in characters 
of the sixteenth century ^ ' A no 15^2^ Mtat 2j." 
Signed^ George Rogers Howell, 

Librarian iff Archivist 
N. T. State Library. 



130 



APPENDIX 

" T^he picture was presented to the State of 
New York by Maria Farmer in lyS^. It was 
probably painted in i^g2 and intended to repre- 
sent Columbus at the age of 2jy 

In reply to an inquiry addressed to the Sec- 
retary of the New York State Library, the 
Archivist, Mr. George R. Howell, kindly sup- 
plies the following information : 

"In 1892, when I went to New York to 
look up portraits of Columbus, I found his 
name attached to what is now called a portrait 
of Hudson, with a large ruffle about his neck, 
and the name of Hudson attached to a copy 
of a portrait of Columbus in the State Library, 
which portrait of Columbus was presented to 
the State in 1784. I informed the one in 
charge and offered to send them a photograph 
of our Columbus, which I did, and they 
changed the labels of the two accordingly. 
Our portrait is that of a young man, and has 
on it ' 1592,' Aetat 23. . . . I will add 
that the letter of Mrs. Maria Farmer, present- 
ing the portrait to the State, mentions that it 
had been in her family for upwards of 1 50 
years — thus carrying its history as a Columbus 
portrait back to 1634. So there can be no 

131 



APPENDIX 

reasonable doubt that at least it was intended 
as a portrait of Columbus and not of Hudson." 
This, so far as we have been able to ascertain, 
is the history of the two portraits in possession 
of the City which bear the distinguished names 
of Hudson and Columbus. Mr. Abend- 
schein, in whose hands the pictures in the City 
Hall were placed some five years since to be 
cleaned and restored, found upon the picture 
which now bears the name of Hudson the 
signature, " Count Pulaskie, in the lower left 
hand corner in very small gold letters, such as 
some of the old masters used." The tablet 
upon the picture now reads : " Hendrick Hud- 
son, by Count Pulaskie," which serves to render 
the matter still a little more involved. That 
it is not a genuine portrait of Henry Hudson 
scarcely needs to be affirmed. 




ADDENDA 




New York about 1640 

A MS. PLAN OF NEW YORK, ENTITLED 

" Manatus gelegen op de noot rivier " 

Size o"'68xo'"45 

IN 1892 this plan was in the possession of 
M. H. Harrisse, purchased by him of 
Frederik Muller, the well-known bookseller 
of Amsterdam. It was made, it is claimed, 
about 1640 by Joan Vingboons for the Dutch 
West India Company. Our reproduction, 
which is on so reduced a scale that it must 
necessarily convey only a very imperfect idea 
of the original, is a facsimile of a process print 
after a photograph from the plan which was 
published with a number of other early and 



ADDENDA 



rare American views in " L'lllustration " of 
July 2nd, 1892 — the Columbian celebration 
number of that periodical. 

A note in reference to this plan which is, 
if it be a genuine production, the earliest- 
known graphic representation of the first 
settlement upon the Island of Manhattan, will 
be found in " Reproductions de cartes et de 
globes relatifs a la decouverte de I'Amerique du 
xvi' au xviii^ siecle, par Gabriel Marcel." 



ViSSCHER VERSUS VaN DER DoNCK 

The following careful study of the evidence 
in support of the contention that the map of 
N. J. Visscher preceded that of Ardriaen Van 
der Donck has been kindly furnished the author 
by Mr. Wilberforce Eames of the Lenox 
Library: 

Dear Mr. Andrews : 

I send you herewith some memoranda on which 
I base my conclusions that the Van der Donck Map 
and View of New Amsterdam is merely a reduced 
copy of that published by N. J. Visscher. 

The first edition of Van der Donck's " Description 
of New Netherland " was authorized for publication 
on the 24th of May, 1653, but it did not see the 
light until two years later. On February 25th, 1655, 
the directors of the West India Company authorized 



ADDENDA 

the bookseller Evert Nieuwenhof to publish Van der 
Donck's book, and it came out probablv in the 
spring of that year. This edition has no map, nor is 
there any evidence to show that Van der Donck fur- 
nished a view of New Amsterdam, for the publisher 
merely used the engraving (on page 9) that had ap- 
peared four years earlier in Joost Hartgers's descrip- 
tion of Virginia, etc. 

Some time between the appearance of the first 
edition of Van der Donck's book and the middle of 
January of 1656, there appeared N. J. Visscher's 
large map of New Netherland, with the view of New 
Amsterdam in the lower right hand corner. The ap- 
proximate date of its appearance is fixed by the fol- 
lowing fact : On the 6th of January the States 
General ordered the directors of the West India 
Company to inform them fully respecting the Swedes 
which had been sent over from Netherland, and on 
the 28th of the same month the directors submitted 
in reply a long report on the subject, accompanied by 
various letters, conveyances, deeds, and other docu- 
ments relating thereto. The translation of these 
papers is in the New York Colonial Documents, vol. 
I, pp. 585-609. Appended to the original papers, as 
they exist in the archives at The Hague, and forming 
one of the exhibits, is a copy of this engraved map of 
N. J. Visscher. The inference to be drawn from 
this fact and date is that the map was engraved and 
published before January, 1656. Therefore I place 
it after the first edition of Van der Donck's book, and 
before the appearance of the second edition of the 
same work. 

In 1656 the bookseller Nieuwenhof got out a 
new edition of Van der Donck's book, in which he 
omitted the old engraving borrowed from Hartgers's 



ADDENDA 

book, and added what is evidently a reduced section 
of N. J. Visscher's map, including the view. That 
it came after instead of preceding Visscher's map is 
confirmed by the fact that it omits all the reference 
letters placed above the different buildings in the view, 
as well as the explanations to which they referred, 
in which the names of the buildings are given. That 
it is a copy is evident from other omissions and re- 
ductions in size. A portion of the view is left out at 
each end, but the inscription above, containing the 
name of the town, is copied exactly. The engraving 
is signed by the bookseller himself, showing that he 
is responsible for its production. He calls attention 
to the addition of the map on the title page of this 
second edition of the book. 

Nicolas J. Visscher died about the year 1660, and 
his son Nicolas Visscher, who seems to have suc- 
ceeded to the business in 1659 or earlier, used the 
same engraving of the map and view for several years 
without alteration. About the year 1683 he retouched 
the plate, putting his own name in place of his 
father's, and adding Philadelphia and several other 
names. This was done not earlier than 1683, '" 
which year Philadelphia was laid out, nor later than 
1685 ' ^^^ ^" William Penn's own copy of the map 
is the following autograph inscription : " The map by 
which the Privy Council, 1685, settled the bounds 
between Lord Baltimore and I, and Maryland, Penn- 
sylvania, and Territorys or annexed Countvs. — VV.P." 

It was Asher's opinion too that the existence of N, 
J. Visscher's map even before 1656 " is clearly proved 
bv the document to which it was found attached in 
the Dutch Royal Archives, by Mr. Brodhcad." Mr. 
Asher, however, supposed that there was an earlier 
state of Danckers's map, which formed the basis of all 



ADDENDA 

the Others. This theory, however ingenious it may 
be, has never been proved, for the reason that no such 
early state of the plate has ever been found. 

The order in which I would place the above-named 
publications is therefore as follows : 

(i) Van der Donck's New Netherland, ist edition, 
without map, i655(?). 

(2) N. J. Visscher's large map, with view of New 
Amsterdam, 1655. 

(3) Van der Donck's New Netherland, 2nd Edi- 
tion, with reduced section of N. J. Visscher's map 
and view, 1656. 

(4) Nicholas Visscher's reissue of his father's map, 
with some additional names and alterations, i683(?). 

Yours truly, 

WiLBERFORCE EaMES. 



It is possible that a careful examination and 
comparison of the maps in the Visscher Atlas in 
the Lenox Library might show that it contains 
a copy of the original N. J. Visscher Map. 

The Visschers, Father and Son 
Claes [Nicholas) Janszoon Visscher — latinized 

Nicolaus Joannes Piscator — was born probably 

at Amsterdam in 1587. He died about 1660. 
Nicolaes Visscher^ the son, followed his father's 

business and was engraving maps as early as 

1659-60. 



ERRATA 

Page 59, seventh line from foot, read country instead 

of colony. 
Page 70, tenth line from top, read Carver instead of 

Carrer. 
Page 67, fifth line from top, for College read House. 
Page 90, last line, add after " building^'' the words '' and 

surroundings.^'' 



INDEX 



INDEX 



Albany, 14, 106. 

Fort near, 103. 

Allard, Abraham, His *' Atlas 

Minor," 35. 

Carolus, View of New 

Amsterdam on his map of 
"Totius Neobelgii," xxii, 98. 

— Views of New Am- 

sterdam in his Collection of 
Views of Cities, xxii, xxvii. 

Hugo, View of New Am- 
sterdam on his first map of 
Novi Belgii, xxi, 48, 97, 98. 

View of New Am- 



sterdam on his second map of 
Novi Belgii, xxi, 98, loi. 

Alms House (old), 126. 

Ambuscade Frigate, The, 81. 

Anabaptists' Meeting House, 124. 

Andrews Collection, The, xix, xx, 
xxi, xxii, xxiii, 31, 35. 

Argall, Captain, 103. 

Arnold's and Andre's Plot, 77. 

AsHER, G. M., 32, 33, 48, 97. 

Extracts from his 

Essay on Dutch Books and 
Pamphlets relating to New 
Netherland, 97-102. 



AsTOR, John Jacob, 91. 

" Atlantic Neptune, The," 69. 

AucHMUTY, Reverend Samuel, 

116. 
Auction Sales in New York in 

1793. 79- 
Bakewell, Thomas, Publisher of 

a View of New York in 1746, 

59- 

Barclay, Reverend Henry, 116. 

Battery, The, 43, 82, 112. 

Bibliography of books used in the 
preparation of this volume, 
xxvii-xxx. 

Blaeu Family, Atlases published 
by, XXX. 

Block, Laurens Hermansz, Draw- 
ing of New Amsterdam claimed 
to have been made by, 41, 44. 

Bogardus, Everardus, 23. 

Bowen's Wax-work, 85. 

Bradford Map, The, xix. 

Bridges's, William, Map of New 
York City, engraved by P. 
Maverick, xix. 

British Museum, 40. 

Broadhead, John Romeyn, loi- 



135 



INDEX 



BuRGis's, WiUiam, South Prospect 
of y« City of New York, 
xvii, xxiii, 52, 58. 

Inscription on, 59-62. 

Key to, 62, 63. 

Castle William in the Harbor ot 
Boston, 64 

Cerrachi, Guisseppe, His model in 
clay designed to perpetuate the 
memory of American Liberty 
85. 

Charles II, 93, 103. 

Chew, Beverly, 8. 

Chronological arrangement of the 
first five views of New Am- 
sterdam and New York, xx- 
xxii. 

Churches, The Anabaptist, 124. 

The French, 123. 

Inscription on and 

ministers of, 123. 

The German Lutheran, 

124. 

The Dutch, 113. 

-Incorporated, 113. 

Government of, 114. 

The New or Middle 

Dutch, 113. 

The Old (Garden Street?), 



113. 
The Presbyterian (Wall 

Street), 118. 

Inscription on, 121. 

Ministers of, 118 

120, 122. 
The Quaker Meeting 

House, 124. 
St. George's Chapel, 117. 



Churches, St. Nicholas — the first 
on Manhattan Island, 33, 44. 

St. Ethelburga, 9. 

Trinity Church, 87, 115, 

1 16, 117. 

Inscription over the 



door, 115. 

City Hall (old), 124. 

Clinton, Governor George, 59. 

CoLMAN, First Englishman killed 
by Indians, 13. 

Colonial History or New York, 
42. 

Columbus, 6, 129. 

Comb, I. M., Jun''., Plan of the 
City, by, .xix. 

Commissioners, Names of the 
Dutch and English, who ar- 
ranged the terms of capitula- 
tion in 1664, 25. 

Communipaw, 6. 

Coney Island, 12. 

Custom House (Government 
House), View of. Engraved 
by C. Milbourne, 89. 

Dale, Sir Thomas, 103. 

Danckers, Justo, View of New 
Amsterdam on his Map of 
Novi Belgii, xxi, 98, 99. 

Dankers, Jaspar, xix. 

Davies, C. W., History of Hoi. 
land, xxviii. 

De Lancey, Lieutenant-Governor 
James, xix. 

Delaware Water Gap, 36. 

Department of Public Works of 
the City of New York, 129. 

De RoNDE, Lambertus, 113. 



136 



INDEX 



Detmold, C. E., 41. 

De Vries, Captain David P., 24. 

Dieppe, 5. 

Drake's, Samuel G. Indians of 
North America, xxviii. 

Drayton's, Governor John, Tour 
through the Northern and 
Eastern States, 75. 

— Description of New 

York City in 1793, with an 
engraved view of the Battery 
and Harbour of New York 
and the Ambuscade Frigate 
drawn by himself, 75-88. 

Duke's Plan, The, xviii, 40. 

Du Simitiere, M., xxii. 

Dutch East India Company, 10, 
17, 19, 106. 

Expenses of Hudson's voy- 
age defrayed by the Amster- 
dam Chamber of, 11. 

Dutch West India Co., 18, 21, 
22, 23, 25, 41, 103. 

DuYCKiNCK Map, The, xix. 

East River, 77. 

Wharfs on, 78. 

Edsvards, Jonathan, Observations 
on the language of the Stock- 
bridge Indians, 8. 
Emmet Collection, Lenox Library, 

xxii, 90. 
Evertsen's, Captain Cornelius, 
Capture of New Amsterdam, 

so- 
Exchange, The old, in Broad St. , 

127. 
Farmer, Mrs. Maria, 130, 131. 



Federal Hall in Wall St., View 
of, in Massachusetts Maga- 
zine, 71. 

View of in Columbian 

Magazine, 71. 
— Portraits in, in 1793, 

84. 
Fletcher, Governor Benjamin, 

116. 
Fort Nieuw Amsterdam, 32, 33, 

100. 
Fort, The, 33, 46, 93, 103, 

I II. 
( Fort George), Mon- 

tresor's description of, 46, 

107. 
Francis I, 4, 5. 
Franc^uelin's, J. B. L., Plan de 

Manathes, xviii. 
Frederick, Kym, 22, 
Gaine's, Hugh, Universal Regis- 
ter for 1776, .xxviii. 
Map of New York 

City in, xix. 
Extract from, 102- 



105. 
Geographia Blauiana, 36. 
George III, Equestrian statue of, 

in Bowling Green, 83. 
Godyn's Bay, Mouth of Hudson 

River so-called, 99. 
Goodrich's, A. T., Picture of 

New York in 1825-1828, 

xxviii, 129. 
Description of the Fort 

in, 46. 
Goos, Peter, His " Zee Atlas," 

XXX, 35. 



>37 



INDEX 



Great River of the Mountains 

(Hudson River), 34. 
Grim's, David, Map of New York 

City, xix. 
Hackney Coaches in New York in 

1793, 88. 
"Half Moon," The Yacht, 6, 

II, 12, 17, 22. 
Halleck, Fitz : Greene, 91. 

quoted, 2. 

Verse from Whittier's 

Poem on, 91. 
Hare, Augustus, His reference to 

the Church of St. Ethelburga, 

9- 
Harlem, 129. 

Hartgers, Joost, Description of 

Virginia, New Netherland, 

etc., published by, xxvii, 31, 

32. 33. 34, loo- 

View of New Am- 
sterdam in, xvii, xx, 97. 

Harvard College, View of, by 
William Burgis, 64. 

Library, xxii. 

Hayward, George, Lithographic 

copy of " The Duke's Plan," 
made by, 40. 
Hell Gate, 77. 

View of in London Maga- 
zine, 70. 

Herremans, Augustine, 41. 

— Sketch of New Am- 
sterdam made by, xvii, 41, 42. 

Heyn, Admiral Pieter Pieterssen, 
20. 

Hills, J., City of New York sur- 
veyed by, xix. 



Hoboken, 91. 

Hoofden, Name given by the Dutch 

to the "Narrows," 13. 
Holbein, 7. 
HoMAN, Johan Baptista, View of 

New Amsterdam on map in 

his " Neuer Atlas," xxi. 
Hooghe, Romeyn de, xvii, xxi, 48. 
Howdell's, Captain Thomas, 

Southwest and Southeast views 

of New York, xvii, 66, 67. 
Howell, George Rogers, I 30, 1 3 1 . 
HUDSON, HENRY, 4-17, 34, 

102, 106, 129. 
First Passage of the 

Narrows, 13. 
Ascent of the River, 



H- 



■ Return to England, 16. 
• Death at sea, 17. 

■ Alleged portrait of, 1 29— 



132. 
HuDSONus, Henricus, Descriptio, 

xxviii. 
Hudson River, 11, 15, 77, 102, 

106, no. 

Various names of, 11, 15. 

Indian tribes dwelling upon 

its banks, 15. 

Hunter, Governor Robert, 59. 
Huntington Collection, Museum 

of Art, N. Y., xxii, 54, 70. 
Irving, Washington, 23, 43. 
James I, 102, 106. 
James II, Duke of York and 

Albany, 93, 103. 
Johnson, Doctor, Assistant Rector 

of Trinity Church, 116. 



138 



INDEX 



JuET, Robert, 1 1. 
Kalm's, Peter, Reize, 68. 
KiEFT, Governor William, 23, 43. 
Kil van Kol, The, 6, 
KooL, Leonard, 2 1 . 
Knickerbocker's History of New 

York, extract from, 43. 
Lamb's, Mrs. Martha J., History 

of the City of New York, 

xxviii. 
Quotations from, 



21, 25. 

Lambrechtsen's, Sir N. C, His- 
tory of the New Netherlands, 
xxviii. 

Extract from, 50. 

Lenox Library Collections, The. 
XX, xxi, xxiii, xxx, 31, 36, 38* 

Library in old City Hall, 125. 

New Public, founded in 

1757, 126. 

London Magazine, View of New 
York in, xxiii, 65. 

Long Island Historical Society, 
Memoirs of, xx. 

LoTTER, T. C, View of New 
Amsterdam on his map of 
New Netherlands, xxii, 49, 
98, lOI. 

Maerschalk, Frank, City Sur- 
veyor, xix. 

Mahicanittuk, Indian name of 
Hudson River, 1 1. 

Manhattan, Island of, 26, 32, 
106, 109. 

why so first called, 9. 

purchase of, 21. 

Manning, Captain John, 104. 



Maps examined in the preparation 
of this volume, xxx. 

Mexico, View of the City of, 64. 

Miller's, Reverend John, De- 
scription and Plan of the City 
of New York, xviii, xxix. 

Millington, Doctor, 125. 

Minisink Indians The, 36, 49. 

MiNuiT, Director-General Peter, 
21. 

Montanus, Arnoldus, View of 
Novum Amsterodamum in his 
"Beschryving \in Amerika," 
xvii, xxi, 41, 42, 100, loi 

Map of, 98. 

Montgomerie, Governor John, 
125. 

Moore, George H., xxxi, 40. 

Governor, Sir Henry, 66. 

Montresor's, John, Plan of New 
York City, xix, 105. 

Inscription on, 46, 

106, 107, 108. 

References on, 105. 

Locations named in. 



108. 
Mortier, p., View of New Am- 
sterdam signed by, xxiii, 5 I , 

54- 
MouLTON, Joseph W., "New 

York, 170 years ago," xxii, 

xxix. 
Murphy, Henry C, 5. 
Muscovy, or Russian Company, 

The, 10. 
Narrows of New York Bay, The, 

6, 13, 107, 109. 



•39 



INDEX 



Neve-Sincks, The Highlands of, 

4, 12. 

NEW AMSTERDAM, 32, 33, 
106. 

Name of, changed, 103. 

First View of, 31, 100. 

Second View of and early 

copies of same, 34, 39, 100. 

View of in History of 

Montanus, 41, 100. 

View of in Ogilby's 

" America," 47. 

View of on Hugo Allard's 

second map, 48, 51, 101. 

View of on Hugo Allard's 

second map, copies of, key to, 
and title of, 49, 51. 

Carolus A Hard's Views of, 



5^- 

View on map of Peter 

Schenck, 51. 

"Een stedeken in Noord 

Amerikaes," xxii, 102. 

Surrender of, 24, 104. 



NEW NETHERLANDS, Col- 
onization of, 20. 

Fur trade of, 20. 

NEW ORANGE, surrendered to 

the English, xxii, 48. 
New Port May, New York Bay, 

so-called by the Dutch, 99. 
NEW YORK, Early Drawings of 

in Journal of Dankers and 

Sluyter, xix. 
College of the Province of, 

(King's) charter granted, 105. 

Chamber of Commerce es- 



NEW YORK Historical Society, 

XXX, 41, 63. 
Collections of, xix, xx, 

xxii, xxiii, 35. 
Translations published 

by, XXX. 

Hospital incorporated, 105. 

Magazine, Local views in. 



72- 



Marine Society charter 

granted, 105. 

Society Library, 63. 

View of, from Brooklyn 

Heights, engraved by Wm. 
Birch, 92. 

Southwest view of, en- 
graved by J. Carwitham, 70. 

View of from Governor's 

Island — Thomas Kitchin, 
pinxit, 65. 

View of in 1790, showing 

Government House, 71. 

(Novum Eboracum), Mon- 

tresor's Description of, 106. 

Views of, drawn by Cap- 
tain Thomas Howdell, xvii, 
66, 67. 

View of, from Hobuck 



tablished, 105. 



Ferry, Alexander Robertson 

Delineavit, 90. 
View of from Long Island, 

engraved by William Rollin- 

son, 91. 
Governor's Island, the 

River, etc., from Long Island, 

68. 
View of on map of Henry 

Popple, 46. 



140 



INDEX 



NEW YORK, Southwest view of, 
in Russell's History of the 
War in America, 70. 

South Prospect of, in Lon- 
don Magazine, 65. 

South view of, 68. 

View of, by St. Memin 

(colored etching), 89. 

View of, by St. Memin, 

taken with a pantograph in. 
vented by himself, 89. 

View of, in 1673, loi. 

Principal streets of in 1793, 

81, 82. 

Rides in the neighborhood 

of in 1793, 88. 

William Smith's account 

of in 1757, 109. 

Restored to the English by 

treaty, 48, 105. 

Inhabitants of in 1757, 



New Dutch Church, The engrav- 
ing of, by William Burgis, 63. 

Niagara Falls, 64. 

NiEuwENHOF, Evert, publisher of 
Van der Donck's New Neth- 
erland, 38. 

NicoLLS, Colonel Richard, 24, 
103. 

Notten (Governor's) Island, 112. 

Nyenhuis, Mr. Bodel, his opinion 
in regard to Danckers's map, 

99- 
O'Callaghan's, E. B., Docu- 
mentary History, View of 
New Amsterdam in, 98, 100, 

lOI. 



O'Callaghan's, E. B., History ot 
New Netherland, extracts 
from, .XXIX, 9, 14, 16, 21, 
^7, 37- 
Ogilby's, John, View of New 
.Amsterdam in his " Amer- 
ika, " x-xi. 

Map of, 98. 

Ottens, Joachim, View of New 
Amsterdam on his map of 
Novi Belgii, xxii, 98. 
Ottens, Rcinier and Josua, View 
of New Amsterdam on their 
map of Novi Belgii, xxii, 98. 
Pagganck, Indian name of Gov- 
ernor's Island, 23. 
Palisadoes, Line of, in 1757, from 
the Hudson to the East River, 
112. 
Patroons, 26. 

Park, The City Hall in 1793, 86. 
Phil.iJelphia, indicated on the early 

maps, 99. 
PiNTARD, John, xix. 
Popple, Henry, View of New 
York on his map of the British 
Empire in America, .x.xiii, 64. 
PowNALL, Mrs., 87. 
PuRCHAS, Samuel, " His Pil- 

grimes," xxix, 1 1. 
Quebec, View of the City of, 64. 
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 7. 
Ratzer, B., View of New York 
City by, xvii. 

Plan of New York 

City surveyed by, xix, 65. 
Read, J. M., Henry Hudson, .xxix. 
Rembrandt, 7. 



«+i 



INDEX 



RiTZMA, Dominie, 113. 

Sandby's, P.fScenograpJiia Ameri- 
cana (27 views in North Am- 
erica and the West Indies, 
London, 1768 ), 69. 

Sandy Hook, 4, 12, 107, 109. 

ScHENCK, P., View of New Am- 
sterdam on his map of Hol- 
land, 1705, xxiii, 58. 

" Een Stedeken in 

Noord Amerikaes," 57. 

ScHENCK and Valk, Second map 
of, 98. 

Seals of the cities of New Am- 
sterdam and New York, 24. 

Seutter, Matthew, View of New 
Amsterdam on his map ot 
Novi Belgii, xxii. 

Shipyards on the East River, 87. 

Sluyter, Peter, xx. 

Smith, William, History of the 
Province of New York, xxix, 
109. 

St. Memin, C. B., Julian de, 89. 

Smith, Captain John, 8. 

Society for the Propagation of the 
Gospel in Foreign Parts, 125. 

Spanish " Plate Fleet," The, 20. 

Stickney, Charles E., 36. 

Stuyvesant, Governor Peter, 24, 

93. 103- 

Tontine Coffee House, 80. 

UssELiNX, William, 18. 

Valentine, D. T., xxxi, 26. 

— is Manual of the Cor- 
poration, xxxi, 40. 

History of the City of 



Van per Donck, Adriaen, 37. 
Van der Donck's, Adriaen, Bes- 

chryvinge van Nieuvv-Neder- 

lant, etc., xxvii, 37. 
— — Verses in, on the 

Patrons and History of New 

Netherland, 37. 
Map of Novi Belgii 

in, 34, 42, 98- 
View of New Am- 



sterdam on, XX, x.xi, 34, 38. 
" Vertoogh," 99. 



Van der Weyde, Peter Henry, 

XXX. 

Van Twiller, Wouter, 23, 103. 

Verrazzano, Giovanni, 4, 5. 

Visscher's, N. J., map of Novi 
Belgii, 34, 35, 97, 98- 

View of New Amster- 
dam, xvii, xxi, 34, 37. 

His Plate retouched by 

Nicolas Visscher, xxi, 100. 

N., map of Novi Belgii, 



View of New Amster- 
dam in, xxi, 37—39. 
His "Atlas Minor," 



New York, xxix. 



35- 
Washington, Portrait of, standing 

on a pedestal in front of 

Bowling Green, 90. 
Watson, John F., Annals of New 

York, x.xix. 
Weehawken Hill, 91. 
William the Taciturn, 10. 
Yonkers, Dutch origin of the 

name, 37. 



142 



il 



